Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a .

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative feedback mechanism. This is because the majority of hormones in the endocrine system are regulated by a feedback loop that maintains homeostasis by inhibiting further hormone production when levels are too high and stimulating production when levels are too low. This negative feedback mechanism ensures that hormone levels remain within a narrow range. A: hormone-gene complex is incorrect as hormones are not primarily regulated by direct interactions with genes. B: hormone-receptor complex is incorrect as receptors are involved in hormone action, not regulation. D: positive feedback mechanism is incorrect as it would lead to an amplification of hormone production, which is not typically seen in the endocrine system to maintain stability.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) weight loss, fatigue, and depression. These nonspecific manifestations can alert a nurse to endocrine dysfunction because they are commonly associated with various endocrine disorders such as thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, or diabetes. Weight loss can be a sign of hyperthyroidism or adrenal insufficiency, where the body is breaking down nutrients faster than usual. Fatigue is a common symptom of many endocrine disorders due to hormonal imbalances affecting energy levels. Depression can be linked to thyroid disorders or hormonal imbalances affecting mood regulation. Option A) goiter and alopecia are more specific to thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, rather than nonspecific manifestations that could signal various endocrine issues. Option B) exophthalmos and tremors are more indicative of hyperthyroidism specifically, rather than general nonspecific signs of endocrine dysfunction. Option D) polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, indicating hyperglycemia, rather than nonspecific manifestations that can point to a range of endocrine disorders. Educationally, understanding these common nonspecific manifestations is crucial for nurses to recognize early signs of endocrine dysfunction, initiate appropriate assessments, and collaborate with healthcare providers for timely interventions and management. Early detection can lead to better outcomes for patients with endocrine disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) impaired glucose tolerance. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is diagnosed when the 2-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) result falls between 140-199 mg/dL. This indicates that the patient's blood sugar levels are elevated after consuming a glucose load, but not high enough to meet the criteria for diabetes. Option A) diabetes is not the correct answer because a 2-hour OGTT of 152 mg/dL does not meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes (200 mg/dL or above). Option B) impaired fasting glucose refers to elevated fasting blood sugar levels, not the result of an OGTT. Option C) elevated A1C is a marker for long-term blood glucose control and is not directly related to the OGTT result. In an educational context, understanding the diagnostic criteria for diabetes and its precursor states like impaired glucose tolerance is crucial for nurses caring for patients at risk for or with diabetes. By knowing the specific values that indicate different glucose abnormalities, nurses can provide appropriate education, monitoring, and support to help patients manage their condition effectively.