Most cultures label behavior as mental illness on the basis of which of the following criteria?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Most cultures label behavior as mental illness based on the criteria of incomprehensibility and cultural relativity. Incomprehensibility refers to behaviors that are difficult to understand or explain within the societal or cultural context in which they occur. Cultural relativity means that what is considered normal or acceptable behavior can vary across different cultures. Therefore, behavior that deviates significantly from the cultural norms of a society may be labeled as a mental illness. This understanding emphasizes the importance of considering cultural factors when identifying and defining mental disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations, the nurse serving the abandoned child with parental guidance and praise following small accomplishments is operating in the role of a surrogate. A surrogate is someone who temporarily takes on the role of another person, in this case, the role of a parent, to provide emotional support, guidance, and care to meet the patient's needs in a therapeutic manner. The nurse acts as a substitute for the child's absent or unavailable parent, helping to fulfill the child's developmental and emotional needs through a therapeutic relationship. This role involves building trust, providing nurturance, and promoting the child's growth and development by offering emotional support and encouragement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Mahler's theory of separation-individuation, the symbiotic phase occurs during the first few months of life and is characterized by the infant's dependence on the primary caregiver for physical and emotional needs. In this phase, there is a sense of oneness and unity between the infant and the caregiver, forming the basis of trust and attachment. The lack of appropriate care, physical stimulation, and proper nourishment during this crucial period can lead to deficits in the development of trust, attachment, and a sense of basic security. Therefore, in the given scenario of a 1-month-old infant being left alone for extended periods, having little physical stimulation, and being malnourished, one would expect to see potential deficits in the symbiotic phase of development according to Mahler's theory.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires without consideration of consequences or the needs of others. The husband in this scenario appears to be primarily focused on meeting his own sexual needs without regard for his wife's needs or desires. This behavior aligns with the characteristics of the id, which is driven by primitive impulses and seeks instant gratification.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: This statement reflects the achievement of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation developmental stage where individuals in middle adulthood (generativity stage) feel a sense of productivity and contribution to the next generation. Feeling fulfilled and satisfied with one's accomplishments and relationships can lead to a sense of generativity, which is characterized by a positive outlook on life and a readiness to face the end of life without fear or regret. The statement implies a sense of fulfillment and readiness to accept mortality, indicating successful completion of this developmental stage.