Morphine causes all except

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diarrhoea. Morphine is known to cause constipation, not diarrhoea. Morphine binds to opioid receptors in the gut, reducing peristalsis and causing constipation. Analgesia and sedation are known effects of morphine due to its action on the central nervous system. Morphine is also known to increase prolactin secretion by acting on the hypothalamus. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as morphine does not typically cause diarrhoea.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: PAF. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is the most potent agent increasing capillary permeability due to its ability to induce endothelial cell contraction and disruption of tight junctions. PAF also activates mast cells to release histamine, further enhancing vascular permeability. LTD4 can also increase capillary permeability but is less potent than PAF. PGD2 and TXA2 do not directly increase capillary permeability.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bradykinin is a peptide that primarily causes smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain by binding to its receptors. However, it does not directly cause liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by liver scarring due to various factors like alcohol abuse or hepatitis, not by the action of bradykinin. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain are all known effects of bradykinin based on its physiological functions, making them incorrect choices for this question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are known to induce uterine contractions, playing a crucial role in the process of labor. They stimulate smooth muscle contraction, including that of the uterus, leading to the initiation and progression of labor. Thromboxanes are involved in platelet aggregation, not uterine contractions. Leukotrienes are associated with inflammation and immune responses, not uterine contractions. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, therefore, they would not cause uterine contractions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Intravenous or Intramuscular route. Ketamine can be administered via both intravenous and intramuscular routes due to its rapid onset of action and versatility in different clinical settings. Intravenous administration allows for a quick and precise dosing, ideal for surgical procedures, while intramuscular administration provides an alternative for patients who cannot receive IV medications. Option A and B are incorrect as they are limited to only one route of administration each. Option D is incorrect as ketamine can indeed be administered by one of the mentioned routes.