Molecular basis of Recurrent ischemic priapism is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Recurrent ischemic priapism ties to PDEâ‚… dysregulation impaired cGMP breakdown prolongs erections, trapping blood. Adenosine underproduction is theoretical, not primary less evidence. Rho-kinase increase stiffens vessels, not priapism's core. Reduced relaxation follows dysregulation, not cause secondary. PDEâ‚…'s role distinguishes it, critical for ischemic priapism's molecular basis, unlike speculative, unrelated, or resultant mechanisms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: VVF from obstructed labor is the most common etiology in developing countries prolonged pressure necroses bladder/vagina. Apex location fits surgical causes, not labor less typical. Multiparity increases risk but isn't defining primips too. Large, complex fistulas are usual repair challenging. Prevalence in developing regions distinguishes it, key to obstetric fistula burden, unlike site, parity, or size errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) alters compliance measurement urine backflow reduces true bladder pressure readings, skewing accuracy. Radiation stiffens bladder lowers compliance, false reading. Obstruction raises pressure overestimates. Tuberculosis scars bladder reduces elasticity, inaccurate. VUR's effect distinguishes it, key to urodynamic pitfalls, unlike fibrosis or obstruction biases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) RCC is clear cell, tied to 3p loss (not 3q) angiogenic, incorrect region. Papillary RCC with c-Met activation true. Birt-Hogg-Dubé links to chromophobe, not clear cell mild error but accepted here. Leiomyomatosis with fumarate hydratase correct. VHL's 3p distinguishes the mistake, key to its genetics, unlike true associations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: LATITUDE trial/model targets metastatic prostate cancer high-risk castration-sensitive (e.g., ADT + abiraterone), not localized or locally advanced alone. Localized uses surgical/radiation models different scope. Locally advanced lacks metastasis LATITUDE unfit. Metastatic focus distinguishes it, key to its prognostic relevance, unlike non-metastatic stages.