Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) is being considered as treatment for a patient with progressive-relapsing MS. The nurse explains that a disadvantage of this drug compared with other drugs used for MS is what?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The correct answer, B, states that a disadvantage of Mitoxantrone compared to other MS drugs is its lifetime dose limit due to cardiac toxicity. This is a crucial factor to consider as cardiac toxicity can lead to serious complications, limiting the long-term use of the medication. Option A, administering subcutaneously every day, is incorrect as Mitoxantrone is typically given intravenously every 3 months, not subcutaneously daily. Option C, being an anticholinergic causing urinary incontinence, is incorrect as Mitoxantrone is not an anticholinergic agent. Option D, being an immunosuppressant agent increasing infection risk, is incorrect as Mitoxantrone's mechanism of action is not primarily immunosuppressive. Educationally, understanding the unique characteristics of each medication used in MS treatment is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Knowledge of the specific advantages and disadvantages of Mitoxantrone compared to other MS drugs helps healthcare providers make informed decisions and provide comprehensive patient education regarding treatment options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) It can help to document the degree of cognitive impairment in delirium and dementia. Rationale: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used tool to assess cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment. It specifically evaluates various domains such as orientation, memory, attention, and language skills. In the context of delirium and dementia, the MMSE is valuable in documenting the baseline cognitive function and tracking changes over time. It provides a quantitative measure of cognitive impairment, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions affecting cognition. Option A) It is a good tool to determine the etiology of dementia: This is incorrect because while the MMSE can assess cognitive function, it is not designed to pinpoint the specific cause or etiology of dementia. A comprehensive diagnostic workup is needed for determining the underlying causes of cognitive decline. Option B) It is a good tool to evaluate mood and thought processes: This is incorrect as the MMSE primarily focuses on cognitive function assessment and may not comprehensively evaluate mood or thought processes. Other tools or assessments would be more appropriate for evaluating mood disorders or thought processes. Option D) It is useful for the initial evaluation of mental status, but additional tools are needed to evaluate changes in cognition over time: While the MMSE is useful for initial screening and assessing cognitive status, it is also suitable for tracking changes in cognition over time. Therefore, this option is not the best choice. Educational Context: Understanding the appropriate use of assessment tools like the MMSE is crucial for healthcare professionals working with patients experiencing cognitive impairment. By utilizing the MMSE effectively, nurses and other healthcare providers can accurately document cognitive function, monitor changes, and contribute to the overall management and care planning for patients with delirium and dementia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the management of an acute soft tissue injury of the ankle within the first 48 hours, it is crucial to follow evidence-based practices to promote optimal healing and recovery. The correct answer, D) Alternating the use of heat and cold, is incorrect because applying heat in the initial phase of injury can exacerbate inflammation and increase bleeding, delaying the healing process. Cold therapy, on the other hand, helps to reduce swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels. A) Using an elastic wrap provides compression and support to the injured area, helping to reduce swelling and stabilize the ankle joint. B) Initial immobilization and rest are key components of the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) protocol, which is widely recommended for managing acute soft tissue injuries. C) Elevating the ankle above the heart level helps to reduce swelling by promoting venous return and preventing fluid accumulation in the injured area. Educationally, understanding the appropriate management of acute soft tissue injuries is essential for healthcare professionals, athletic trainers, and individuals involved in sports and physical activities. Knowing the correct interventions can prevent further damage, promote faster healing, and improve outcomes for patients. It is vital to stay updated on evidence-based practices to provide the best care for individuals with acute injuries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of the fracture healing process, the remodeling stage is characterized by the restoration of bone to its preinjury strength and shape. This phase involves the realignment of the bone along lines of stress and the removal of excess bone and tissue to refine the structure. Choice A, radiologic union, refers to the visual confirmation of the healing process through imaging techniques like X-rays. This is a key indicator of progress but not specific to the remodeling stage. Choice B, absorption of excess cells, is part of the remodeling phase where osteoclasts remove excess callus tissue formed during the earlier stages of healing. This process helps refine the bone structure. Choice C, return to preinjury strength and shape, is the hallmark of the remodeling stage. The bone gradually regains its original strength and shape through the remodeling of the callus tissue into mature bone tissue. Choice D, a semisolid blood clot at the ends of fragments, is incorrect because it describes the initial hematoma and inflammatory stage of fracture healing, not the remodeling stage. Understanding the different stages of fracture healing is crucial for healthcare professionals to monitor patients' progress, anticipate complications, and provide appropriate interventions. By grasping these concepts, practitioners can make informed decisions regarding patient care and rehabilitation strategies to optimize outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Colles' fracture. A Colles' fracture is a specific type of fracture that occurs at the distal end of the radius in the forearm, commonly associated with a fall on an outstretched hand. This type of fracture is typical in individuals with osteoporosis due to weakened bones. Option A) Dislocation is incorrect because a dislocation refers to the displacement of bones at a joint, not a fracture. Option B) Open fracture is incorrect because it refers to a fracture where the bone breaks through the skin, which is not typically associated with a Colles' fracture. Option D) Incomplete fracture is incorrect because it involves a crack in the bone but does not fully break through, which is not characteristic of a Colles' fracture. Educationally, understanding the different types of fractures is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in orthopedics or emergency medicine. Recognizing the specific characteristics of fractures helps in accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient care. In this case, linking osteoporosis with a Colles' fracture highlights the importance of considering underlying conditions when assessing injuries.