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Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The creation of sanitary water systems. Sanitary water systems play a crucial role in public health by ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water, thus preventing the spread of waterborne diseases. This directly impacts the well-being of individuals and communities. The other choices do not directly relate to the prevention of diseases through clean water access. A: The development of vaccines focuses on disease prevention through immunization. C: The establishment of health departments is more about organizing healthcare services and disease surveillance. D: The formation of health insurance systems deals with financial coverage for healthcare services. Thus, B is the correct answer as it directly addresses the importance of clean water in disease prevention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to promote international cooperation in health efforts. This is the correct answer because the WHO was established to coordinate global health initiatives, share knowledge, and address health challenges collectively. By fostering collaboration among countries, the WHO aims to improve health outcomes worldwide. Choice A is incorrect as the WHO does not primarily provide funding for local health projects but focuses on coordinating efforts at a global level. Choice B is incorrect as the WHO does not create laws regarding healthcare policies but rather provides guidelines and recommendations for member states. Choice D is incorrect as the WHO does not mandate vaccinations for all nations but works to ensure access to vaccines and promote vaccination programs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The introduction of maternal and child health programs. This policy was significant in reducing infant mortality rates as it focused on providing healthcare services specifically tailored to the needs of mothers and children, including prenatal care, postnatal care, and child wellness visits. By improving access to healthcare and education for mothers and children, this policy directly contributed to reducing infant mortality rates. A: The establishment of free clinics for low-income families may have helped improve access to healthcare but may not have specifically targeted maternal and child health needs. C: The development of national health insurance may have improved overall healthcare access but may not have had a targeted approach to reducing infant mortality rates. D: The creation of universal vaccination programs is important for public health but may not have been the sole or most significant factor in reducing infant mortality rates in the early 20th century.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To conduct public health surveillance and promote disease prevention. The CDC's primary mission is to monitor health trends, detect and investigate health problems, and promote public health through education and prevention programs. This is evident in its extensive work in tracking disease outbreaks, conducting research on disease prevention strategies, and providing guidance to healthcare professionals and the public. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the CDC's main focus is not on developing medications, managing healthcare costs, or overseeing environmental protection laws.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: To develop public sanitation systems. The Public Health Act of 1848 aimed to improve public health by addressing unsanitary living conditions. This included measures to develop public sanitation systems such as sewage disposal and clean water supply. This objective was crucial in reducing the spread of diseases and improving overall health outcomes. Incorrect choices: A: To establish vaccination programs - While vaccination is important for public health, the focus of the Public Health Act of 1848 was on sanitation and hygiene. B: To improve housing conditions - While housing conditions impact public health, the main focus of the act was on sanitation rather than housing. C: To create national health insurance - The concept of national health insurance was not a primary objective of the Public Health Act of 1848, which mainly focused on sanitation measures.