minutes of birth may be as high as:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the appropriate drug dosages for children is crucial due to their unique physiological characteristics. The correct answer to the question is option D) 100. In the first minutes of birth, a newborn's heart rate can be as high as 100 beats per minute. This is considered a normal physiological response as the newborn transitions from intrauterine to extrauterine life. It is important for nurses and healthcare providers to be aware of these normal vital signs in the immediate postnatal period to ensure the newborn's well-being. Options A) 50, B) 60, and C) 80 are incorrect because they fall below the normal range of heart rate for a newborn in the first minutes after birth. A heart rate of 50, 60, or 80 beats per minute would be considered bradycardia in a newborn and may indicate a need for medical intervention. Understanding the normal vital signs in newborns is essential for early identification of any potential issues and prompt intervention if necessary. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of knowing normal pediatric vital signs, especially in the immediate postnatal period. Nurses and healthcare providers must be able to quickly assess and interpret vital signs in newborns to provide appropriate care and support. This knowledge is essential for passing the NCLEX exam and for ensuring safe and effective clinical practice in pediatric settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Playing in sand at the park can increase the risk of lead poisoning in children because sand can be contaminated with lead particles from various sources such as old paint, industrial pollution, or leaded gasoline residues. When children play in sand, they may accidentally ingest the contaminated particles while handling or playing with the sand. This ingestion can lead to lead poisoning, as even small amounts of lead can be harmful to children's health. Therefore, playing in sand at the park poses a higher risk of lead exposure compared to the other activities listed.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For 12-year-old Caroline with recurring nephrotic syndrome, body image should be a prime consideration when planning ongoing nursing care. Nephrotic syndrome can cause physical changes such as weight gain, swelling, and changes in appearance due to the disease process and treatment side effects like corticosteroids. These physical changes can impact a child's self-esteem and body image, especially during the sensitive pre-adolescent period. As a result, addressing Caroline's body image concerns through open communication, providing support, promoting self-acceptance, and involving her in decision-making regarding her care can significantly impact her emotional well-being and overall quality of life.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) most likely results from heterogeneous risk factors, such as obesity, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and other lifestyle factors. By addressing these risk factors through lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise, the development of Type 2 DM can often be prevented or delayed. On the other hand, Type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune condition where the body mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, and it is not preventable. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and is influenced by hormonal changes during pregnancy and other factors, making it less preventable through lifestyle changes alone. Thus, Type 2 diabetes is the type that is most preventable through lifestyle modifications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition characterized by a low platelet count, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. Steroids are often prescribed to help increase platelet production in patients with ITP. Therefore, the nurse should monitor the child for signs of bleeding, such as petechiae, ecchymosis, gum bleeding, and other unusual bleeding manifestations. Monitoring for bleeding is crucial to assess the effectiveness of the steroid treatment and to prevent complications associated with ITP.