Minimal change disease and membranous glomerulonephritis share which of the following characteristics?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Both minimal change disease (MCD) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) cause nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, edema) MGN has IgG deposits, MCD responds to steroids, neither thickens loops typically. This distinguishes shared nephrotic features, key for diagnosis, contrasting with specific traits.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Most renal calculi (75-85%) are calcium oxalate or phosphate not cystine (rare), urate (less common), or mixed. This distinguishes stone composition, vital for treatment, contrasting with minority types.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetohydroxamic acid prevents stones (inhibits urease in struvite cases), not causes them therapeutic role. Topiramate (anticonvulsant) alkalinizes urine, forming calcium phosphate stones. Triamterene (diuretic) crystallizes directly drug stones. Ephedrine (stimulant) links to stones via dehydration risk factor. Acetohydroxamic's preventive action distinguishes it, critical for infection stones, unlike stone-inducing drugs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Serotonin typically inhibits erection counteracts arousal, not a promoter. Dopamine enhances desire and erection (central). Oxytocin supports penile response (peripheral). Nitric oxide (NO) drives vasodilation key mediator. Serotonin's inhibitory role distinguishes it, critical for understanding erectile balance, unlike facilitatory neuropeptides.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metanephros, the definitive kidney, begins at week 4 ureteric bud meets metanephric blastema, forming nephrons. Week 2 is pre-renal (pronephros starts). Week 3 sees mesonephros temporary. Week 1 lacks renal development too early. Fourth-week onset distinguishes metanephros, key to permanent kidney formation, unlike earlier stages.