Mineralocorticoid effects cause:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, act on the kidneys to increase sodium retention and potassium excretion. This process helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Increased catabolism (choice A) is not a direct effect of mineralocorticoids. Increased gluconeogenesis (choice C) is a function of glucocorticoids, not mineralocorticoids. Deposition of fat on shoulders, face, and abdomen (choice D) is associated with Cushing's syndrome due to excess cortisol, not mineralocorticoids. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the known physiological actions of mineralocorticoids.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Local anesthetics – derivatives of paraaminobenzoic acid. Sulfonamides and local anesthetics both compete for the same metabolic pathway involving paraaminobenzoic acid, leading to decreased sulfonamide potency. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not interfere with the same metabolic pathway as sulfonamides, thus not affecting their potency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diloxanide. Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide, meaning it acts within the lumen of the intestines to target and eliminate amoebas residing there. This drug is specifically effective against amoebic cysts and is not absorbed systemically. Metronidazole (A) and Emetine (B) are tissue amebicides, which act systemically to target amoebas in tissues. Doxycycline (C) is an antibiotic commonly used for bacterial infections, not for treating amoebiasis. Therefore, Diloxanide (D) is the correct choice for a luminal amebicide drug.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. General contraindications for anticancer drugs include depression of bone marrow, which can lead to decreased production of blood cells; acute infections, as these drugs can further compromise the immune system; and severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency, as these organs are responsible for drug metabolism and elimination. These contraindications are crucial to consider to prevent further harm to the patient. Choices A, B, and C individually are incorrect because they do not encompass all the general contraindications associated with anticancer drugs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Procainamide. Procainamide blocks inactivated Na+ channels by binding to them preferentially when they are in the inactivated state. This mechanism helps decrease excitability in cardiac and neuronal tissues. Mexiletine (A) blocks both inactivated and activated Na+ channels, making it incorrect. Phenytoin (B) primarily blocks activated Na+ channels, not inactivated ones. Quinidine (D) blocks both inactivated and activated Na+ channels, so it is not the correct choice in this scenario.