Metabolic derangement secondary to tumor lysis syndrome in children includes all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in children, metabolic derangements occur due to the rapid release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream following cancer treatment. The correct answer, B) hypernatremia, is not typically associated with TLS. A) Hyperuricemia is a common finding in TLS due to the release of uric acid from the breakdown of nucleic acids. C) Hyperkalemia results from the release of intracellular potassium during tumor cell lysis. D) Hyperphosphatemia occurs due to the release of phosphate from the breakdown of nucleic acids. Educationally, understanding the metabolic consequences of TLS is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment. Recognizing and managing these electrolyte imbalances promptly can prevent serious complications such as renal failure and cardiac arrhythmias in these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric melanoma risk factors, the correct answer is B) dark-skinned child because having darker skin tones actually provides some level of natural protection against melanoma due to increased melanin production. Melanin helps to absorb and dissipate harmful UV radiation from the sun, reducing the risk of developing melanoma. Positive family history of melanoma (option A), hairy nevus (option C), and dysplastic nevus (option D) are all recognized risk factors for the development of melanoma in children. A positive family history indicates a genetic predisposition to the disease. Hairy nevus and dysplastic nevus are types of moles that are known to be associated with an increased risk of melanoma due to their atypical features and potential for transformation into cancerous lesions. In an educational context, understanding these risk factors is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. By identifying and recognizing these risk factors, healthcare providers can implement preventive strategies such as regular skin examinations, sun protection measures, and early detection practices to reduce the incidence of melanoma in children. This knowledge is essential for promoting early detection and appropriate management of melanoma cases in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the correct answer is D) respiratory tract infections. Children with BPD have compromised lung function, making them more susceptible to respiratory infections, especially in the first two years of life when their immune systems are still developing. These infections can exacerbate their respiratory symptoms, leading to rehospitalization. Option A) electrolyte disturbances is less likely as the primary concern in BPD patients needing rehospitalization, although they may have electrolyte imbalances secondary to their respiratory issues. Option B) immune deficiencies are not typically associated with BPD but rather with primary immunodeficiency disorders. Option C) pulmonary hypertension is a known complication of BPD but is less common in infants compared to respiratory infections as a cause of rehospitalization. Educationally, understanding the common complications and risks associated with BPD in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers to provide appropriate care and interventions. Recognizing the increased susceptibility to respiratory infections in these patients can help in implementing preventive measures and prompt treatment to reduce rehospitalization rates and improve outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question from the ATI Pediatric Practice Questions, the correct answer is C) 36 months old. This corresponds to a child who is 3 years old. At this age, children typically demonstrate the ability to imitate more complex constructions and shapes, such as building a bridge of 3 cubes, copying a circle, and making a tower of 10 cubes. Option A) 24 months old is incorrect because a child at this age would not typically have the fine motor skills and cognitive development required to perform the tasks described in the question. They are still in the early stages of development and would not be able to imitate such complex structures. Option B) 30 months old is also incorrect as children at this age are still developing their fine motor skills and cognitive abilities. While they may be able to imitate simpler tasks, constructing a bridge of 3 cubes, copying a circle, and building a tower of 10 cubes would be beyond their developmental capabilities. Option D) 42 months old is incorrect because by this age, most children would have already mastered the skills described in the question. They would be able to perform these tasks with ease, making this option too advanced for the given scenario. Understanding the developmental milestones in children is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. By recognizing what tasks are appropriate for specific age groups, healthcare providers can assess a child's development and intervene early if any delays are identified. This knowledge is essential for providing comprehensive and individualized care to children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric practice, understanding the patterns of growth and development in infants is crucial for monitoring their health and well-being. The correct answer to the question is B) 20-30 gm. During the first 3-4 months of life, infants typically exhibit a steady weight gain pattern. The range of 20-30 grams per day is considered a normal and healthy weight gain for this age group. This rate of gain reflects adequate nutrition intake and overall growth. Option A) 10-20 gm is too low for the expected weight gain in the first few months of life. Inadequate weight gain could signal potential issues with feeding or nutrition that need to be addressed. Option C) 30-40 gm and Option D) 40-50 gm both fall on the higher end of the weight gain range for this age group. While some variability in weight gain is normal, excessively rapid weight gain could be associated with overfeeding or other health concerns. Educationally, understanding normal growth patterns helps healthcare professionals and caregivers identify and address any potential problems early on. Monitoring weight gain is a key component of pediatric assessments and provides valuable insights into the infant's overall health and development. By knowing the expected weight gain ranges for different age groups, healthcare providers can intervene when necessary to ensure the best outcomes for infants.