Metabolic actions of estrogens tend to cause the following except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Estrogens are known to have various metabolic actions in the body, but they do not typically promote anabolism. Instead, estrogens have been shown to have effects such as improving insulin sensitivity and promoting a favorable lipid profile by decreasing LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. Estrogens are also associated with salt and water retention, which can contribute to bloating and weight gain in some individuals. Additionally, estrogens can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, especially at higher doses or in individuals with existing metabolic issues. However, the promotion of anabolism is not a characteristic metabolic action of estrogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in both the initiation of labor (A) and the milk ejection reflex (C) in breastfeeding mothers. During childbirth, oxytocin helps to stimulate contractions of the uterus, which are necessary for labor to progress. After childbirth, oxytocin continues to be important in the production and release of milk. When a baby suckles at the breast, oxytocin is released, causing the milk to be ejected from the mother's mammary glands, facilitating breastfeeding. Thus, oxytocin is essential for both the initiation of labor and the milk ejection reflex.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyper-vitaminosis D refers to an excessive intake of vitamin D leading to an elevated level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). The common features of hyper-vitaminosis D include symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and kidney disorders. However, hypertension is not a typical feature associated with hyper-vitaminosis D. Instead, hypertension is commonly associated with conditions such as high salt intake, obesity, and stress. Hence, hypertension is not a feature of hyper-vitaminosis D.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Parathormone, also known as parathyroid hormone (PTH), is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. Its primary function is to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. One of the main actions of parathormone is to increase the resorption of calcium from the bone. This means that PTH stimulates the osteoclasts in bone tissue to break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This helps to increase the levels of calcium in the blood when they are low. The other functions of parathormone include increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and promoting the formation of active vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption in the intestines.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oxytocin is the drug of choice for controlling postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, helping to prevent and control excessive bleeding after childbirth. It is given via an intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection to help the uterus contract and reduce bleeding by causing the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract. Oxytocin is preferred due to its effectiveness, safety profile, and established role in managing postpartum hemorrhage. Other medications like Methylergometrine, Dihydroergotamine, and Prostaglandin E2 may also be used in certain situations, but oxytocin is the first-line drug for this purpose.