Mega doses of which vitamin are some time beneficial viral respiratory infections

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamin C. Mega doses of Vitamin C can be beneficial for viral respiratory infections due to its antioxidant properties and ability to support the immune system. Vitamin A is important for immune function but is not specifically known for its effectiveness against viral infections. Vitamin K is involved in blood clotting and bone health, not directly related to viral respiratory infections. Vitamin PP refers to Vitamin B3 (niacin), which plays a role in energy production and skin health, but is not typically associated with combating viral infections. In summary, Vitamin C is the most suitable choice for supporting the immune response against viral respiratory infections.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the active form of vitamin D and is used in cases of vitamin D resistance. 2. Vitamin D resistance results in impaired calcium absorption and metabolism. 3. Administering calcitriol helps bypass the resistance and maintain calcium levels. 4. Elevated skeletal turnover, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and hypophosphatemia are not direct indications for calcitriol administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to increased reabsorption of NaHCO3 is incorrect because carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide inhibit the reabsorption of NaHCO3 in the proximal tubule, leading to bicarbonate diuresis. B: Loop diuretics inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter at the thick ascending loop of Henle, not by competing for the Cl- site. C: The potency of a diuretic is determined by its mechanism of action and not necessarily by where it acts in the renal tubule. D: Hydrochlorothiazide decreases urinary calcium excretion is correct as it inhibits the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to increased calcium reabsorption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All groups. Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams all contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. This ring is essential for the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics as it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins and cephalosporins are well-known beta-lactam antibiotics, while carbapenems and monobactams are also part of this group due to the presence of the beta-lactam ring. Therefore, the correct answer is D as all these antibiotic groups share the common feature of containing a beta-lactam ring. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass all the antibiotic groups that contain the beta-lactam ring.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Sulfonamides can cause hematopoietic disturbances like anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Crystalluria can occur due to the precipitation of sulfonamide crystals in urine. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common gastrointestinal side effects of sulfonamides. Therefore, all of these unwanted effects can be attributed to sulfonamide use. The other choices are incorrect because each of them individually represents a specific side effect of sulfonamides, while the correct answer encompasses all the possible unwanted effects associated with sulfonamides.