Mechanism of sulfonamides’ antibacterial effect is:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase. Sulfonamides exert their antibacterial effect by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria. By blocking this enzyme, sulfonamides disrupt the production of essential folate, which is necessary for bacterial growth and replication. This mechanism selectively targets bacterial cells while sparing human cells, making sulfonamides effective antibiotics. Option A) Inhibition of dihydropteroate reductase is incorrect because sulfonamides target dihydropteroate synthase, not reductase. Option C) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is incorrect as cyclooxygenase is a target for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, not sulfonamides. Option D) Activation of DNA gyrase is incorrect because sulfonamides do not affect DNA gyrase; instead, they interfere with folic acid synthesis. Understanding the mechanism of action of sulfonamides is crucial in clinical practice to ensure appropriate antibiotic selection, dosing, and monitoring for clients across the lifespan. It also highlights the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antibiotic resistance and adverse effects. Pharmacological knowledge empowers healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and provide safe and effective care to patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Nalidixic acid. Nalidixic acid is an antibacterial drug that belongs to the quinolone class of antibiotics. Quinolones are a specific group of antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis, making them effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. Option A) Nitrofurantoin is not a quinolone derivative. Nitrofurantoin is classified as a nitrofuran antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. Option C) Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. It is not a quinolone derivative. Option D) Metronidazole is an antibiotic with antiprotozoal activity and is commonly used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. It does not belong to the quinolone class of antibiotics. In an educational context, understanding the classification of antibiotics is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when prescribing medications. Knowing the mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of different antibiotic classes helps in selecting the most appropriate treatment for bacterial infections while considering factors such as efficacy, side effects, and resistance patterns. This knowledge is essential for providing quality patient care and preventing the misuse of antibiotics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacological treatments for trichomoniasis, the correct drug is Metronidazole (Option A). Metronidazole is the first-line treatment for trichomoniasis due to its efficacy against the parasite causing the infection. It works by disrupting the DNA structure of the parasite, leading to its death. Suramin (Option B) is used to treat conditions such as sleeping sickness and river blindness caused by different parasites, not trichomoniasis. Pyrimethamine (Option C) is primarily used to treat malaria and toxoplasmosis, not trichomoniasis. Tetracycline (Option D) is an antibiotic used for a wide range of bacterial infections, but it is not the first-line treatment for trichomoniasis. In an educational context, understanding the specific pharmacological treatments for different infections is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about patient care. Knowing the correct drug for trichomoniasis ensures appropriate treatment and better patient outcomes. It also highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy in managing infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, the correct drugs are diloxanide and iodoquinol (option C). Diloxanide is effective against the luminal form of the parasite, while iodoquinol targets the cyst stage in the intestinal lumen. This combination ensures comprehensive treatment of the infection at different stages of its lifecycle. Option A (Metronidazole and diloxanide) includes metronidazole, which is effective against tissue-invading forms of the parasite but may not adequately target the luminal phase. Option B (Diloxanide and streptomycin) is incorrect because streptomycin is not commonly used in the treatment of amebiasis. Option D (Emetine and metronidazole) includes emetine, which is reserved for severe cases of invasive amebiasis and is not typically used for the intestinal form. In an educational context, understanding the specific mechanisms of action of each drug in relation to the different stages of the parasite's lifecycle is crucial for effective treatment. By knowing the appropriate drug combinations, healthcare professionals can ensure successful outcomes for clients with intestinal amebiasis, highlighting the importance of accurate medication selection based on the unique characteristics of the infection.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of cestodosis (tapeworm invasion), the correct drug to tick is B) Praziquantel. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treating tapeworm infections in clients of all ages due to its high efficacy against cestodes. Option A) Piperazine is used to treat roundworm infections, not tapeworms like cestodes. Option C) Pyrantel is also used for roundworm infections, not tapeworms. Option D) Ivermectin is more commonly used to treat parasitic infections like strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis, not cestodosis. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate pharmacological treatments for different parasitic infections is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective and targeted care to their clients. Knowing the specific drug of choice for cestodosis helps ensure proper treatment and management of this particular condition across the lifespan.