Mannitol (Osmitrol), an osmotic diuretic, is contraindicated to which conditions? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: One important side effect to watch for when administering the drug lithium is seizures. Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, but it can lower the seizure threshold and increase the risk of seizures in some patients. It is crucial to monitor individuals taking lithium for any signs of seizures or seizure activity and to promptly address any such occurrences. Regular monitoring of lithium levels and adjusting the dosage as necessary can help minimize the risk of seizures in patients receiving this medication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The normal range for therapeutic serum digoxin levels is typically considered to be 0.5-2 ng/mL. This range is where the drug digoxin effectively treats heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure without causing toxicity. Levels below 0.5 ng/mL may be subtherapeutic, while levels above 2 ng/mL can lead to digoxin toxicity, characterized by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias. Regular monitoring of serum digoxin levels is essential to ensure the drug is being used safely and effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cocaine is not an ester type of local anesthetic. While procaine, amethocaine, benzocaine, and etidocaine are all ester type local anesthetics, cocaine belongs to the group of local anesthetics known as ester anesthetics. Even though cocaine has local anesthetic properties, it is specifically classified as a "amide type" local anesthetic, not an ester type. Therefore, the correct choice among the given options is D. Cocaine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Potency refers to the measure of drug activity in terms of the amount required to produce a particular effect. It is the strength or concentration of a drug that is needed to produce a specific effect. Potency is often expressed as the dose of a drug required to produce a certain response compared to a standard reference dose. It is an essential consideration in pharmacology as it helps determine the appropriate dosage needed for therapeutic effects and to avoid potential toxicity. Potency is distinct from efficacy, which is the ability of a drug to produce a desired effect regardless of the dose.