Malabsorption may be seen in:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Giardiasis. Malabsorption refers to the impaired absorption of nutrients in the intestine. Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the Giardia parasite, which can lead to malabsorption due to damage to the intestinal lining and interference with nutrient absorption processes. Option A) Ischaemia of the gut is incorrect because although gut ischemia can lead to various gastrointestinal issues, malabsorption is not a typical manifestation of this condition. Option C) Lymphoma of the ileum is incorrect because while lymphoma can affect the intestine and cause obstruction or other complications, it is not directly associated with malabsorption. Option D) Chronic lead poisoning is incorrect because although lead poisoning can cause various systemic effects, malabsorption is not a primary characteristic of this condition. Educationally, understanding the link between specific diseases or conditions and their effects on the gastrointestinal system is crucial in pediatric nursing. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of malabsorption can help nurses provide appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients with these conditions. It is vital to differentiate between various causes of malabsorption to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management for optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is option B: Abdominal circumference measured by USG is a diagnostic parameter for Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). This answer is correct because in cases of IUGR, assessing the abdominal circumference through ultrasound is crucial in diagnosing the condition accurately. Abdominal circumference is a more sensitive indicator of growth restriction compared to other parameters like head circumference or femur length. Option A is incorrect because while growth hormone deficiency can be a complication in some cases of IUGR, it is not a recognized complication in later life that is directly associated with IUGR. Option C is incorrect because perinatal morbidity is actually higher in symmetric IUGR, not asymmetric IUGR. Symmetric IUGR is characterized by proportionate growth restriction affecting all parts of the fetus equally. Option D is incorrect because while nutrition can be a factor in causing IUGR, it is not the most common cause in the UK. Other factors such as placental insufficiency, maternal health conditions, and genetic factors also play significant roles in the etiology of IUGR. Educationally, understanding the diagnostic parameters and factors associated with IUGR is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric cardiovascular nursing. It is important to be able to differentiate between various types of growth restriction and understand the implications for both the fetus and newborn. This knowledge helps in providing appropriate care and interventions to improve outcomes for infants affected by IUGR.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In scabies, the correct answer is A) Itching is due to sensitization by the mite. This is because scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that burrows into the skin, leading to an allergic reaction and intense itching as the body reacts to the presence of the mite and its products. Option B) Vesicles may be seen in children is incorrect because scabies typically presents as papules, burrows, and nodules rather than vesicles. Vesicles are more commonly associated with conditions like herpes simplex or varicella. Option C) The organism is easily demonstrated is incorrect because diagnosing scabies requires identifying mites, eggs, or fecal matter under a microscope, which can be challenging and may require multiple skin scrapings. Option D) Spread can occur through clothes and bedding is incorrect because scabies is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested individual. While transmission through shared clothing or bedding is possible, it is less common compared to direct contact. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria of scabies is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in pediatric settings. By knowing the correct information about scabies, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose and manage this condition in pediatric patients, ensuring appropriate treatment and prevention strategies are implemented.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the manifestations of anorexia nervosa is crucial due to its impact on cardiac health. The correct answer, "D) Sinus bradycardia," is a recognized feature of anorexia nervosa. Sinus bradycardia is a common finding in individuals with severe malnutrition, such as in anorexia nervosa, as the body's response to conserve energy. Option A, "T-wave inversion on ECG," is not typically associated with anorexia nervosa. T-wave inversion can be seen in conditions like myocardial ischemia or electrolyte imbalances, but it is not a specific feature of anorexia nervosa. Option B, "Hypocholesterolemia," is not a typical feature of anorexia nervosa. In fact, individuals with anorexia nervosa often have dyslipidemia with decreased HDL levels due to altered lipid metabolism. Option C, "Peripheral edema," is also not a common finding in anorexia nervosa. Peripheral edema is more commonly associated with conditions like heart failure or nephrotic syndrome. Educationally, understanding the cardiac implications of anorexia nervosa is essential for pediatric nurses caring for patients with eating disorders. Recognizing signs like sinus bradycardia can prompt timely interventions and prevent further cardiac complications. Integrating this knowledge into practice ensures comprehensive care for pediatric patients with anorexia nervosa.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the indications for an exchange transfusion is crucial for providing safe and effective care to infants and children. The correct answer is A) ABO incompatibility. Rationale for A) ABO incompatibility: An exchange transfusion is indicated in cases of ABO incompatibility, a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn. This can result in severe hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia, requiring removal of the baby's blood and replacement with compatible donor blood to prevent complications such as kernicterus. Rationale for why others are wrong: B) Acute chest syndrome: Acute chest syndrome is a complication of sickle cell disease, not an indication for exchange transfusion. C) Sepsis: While sepsis may require blood transfusion, it is not a specific indication for an exchange transfusion. D) Polycythemia: Polycythemia is an excess of red blood cells and is not typically an indication for exchange transfusion unless it is causing significant complications. Educational context: Understanding the specific indications for exchange transfusion is essential in pediatric cardiovascular nursing to ensure appropriate and timely interventions for infants and children at risk of serious complications. ABO incompatibility is a high-yield topic in pediatric nursing that requires a thorough understanding of blood type compatibility and its implications for neonatal health. By knowing the correct indications for exchange transfusion, nurses can advocate for prompt treatment and improve outcomes for their pediatric patients.