Major Depressive disorder (MDD) is being increasingly seen in offspring of depressed parents; it has many forms that may be seen in the same family. Of the following, the MOST common depressive disorder in children and adolescent is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the different types of depressive disorders that can affect children and adolescents. In this question, the correct answer is C) adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The reason why adjustment disorder with depressed mood is the most common depressive disorder in children and adolescents is that it is often triggered by a specific stressor or life event, such as a significant change or loss. Children and adolescents are still developing coping mechanisms and may be more susceptible to experiencing symptoms of depression in response to such stressors. A) Dysthymic disorder is a chronic, low-grade form of depression that lasts for a longer period (at least 2 years in adults). It is less common in children and adolescents compared to adjustment disorder. B) Atypical depression is characterized by mood reactivity and other specific symptoms not typically seen in children and adolescents with depression. It is not as common as adjustment disorder with depressed mood in this population. D) Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that is related to changes in seasons, typically occurring in the winter months when there is less natural sunlight. While this can affect children and adolescents, it is not as common or prevalent as adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Educationally, understanding the prevalence and characteristics of different depressive disorders in children and adolescents is essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess, diagnose, and provide appropriate care for their young patients. Recognizing the most common types of depression in this population helps healthcare providers intervene early and effectively to support mental health and well-being in children and adolescents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate diagnostic procedure for the child described is a language evaluation (Option C). This is because the child is having difficulty with spelling, reading, following directions, and appears confused in class. These issues suggest potential language-related challenges such as a learning disorder or language processing difficulties. An attention deficit questionnaire (Option A) may be considered due to the child's trouble focusing, but the primary concerns presented are more aligned with language difficulties. An intelligence test (Option B) may not specifically address the language-related issues the child is experiencing. A psychiatric assessment for depression (Option D) is not indicated based on the information provided as the symptoms described are more suggestive of language or learning challenges. From an educational perspective, understanding the root cause of a child's academic struggles is crucial for providing appropriate support and interventions. By conducting a language evaluation, educators and healthcare professionals can identify specific areas of difficulty and tailor interventions to help the child succeed academically. It highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in addressing the diverse needs of students.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enuresis is defined as involuntary urination, particularly at night, in children beyond the age where bladder control is typically achieved. The correct answer is option A) wetting two or more times per week for at least three consecutive months. This definition aligns with the clinical criteria used to diagnose enuresis. Option B) is incorrect because enuresis is not simply about wetting a certain number of times per week in any month of the year. The duration criteria of three consecutive months is crucial for diagnosing enuresis. Option C) is incorrect because not being dry at 3 years of age is a common benchmark for when daytime bladder control should be achieved, but enuresis specifically refers to nighttime wetting beyond this age. Option D) is also incorrect because enuresis is typically assessed in older children who are beyond the typical age of achieving nighttime bladder control. Educationally, understanding enuresis is important for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care, support, and guidance to children and families dealing with this condition. By grasping the diagnostic criteria, nurses can intervene effectively to help manage enuresis and improve the quality of life for affected children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the manifestations of major depression in children is crucial for early identification and intervention. The correct answer, option D) no risk of depression in adulthood, is supported by research indicating that major depression in childhood can indeed predispose individuals to depression in adulthood. This is due to the impact of early experiences, genetic vulnerabilities, and environmental factors on mental health across the lifespan. Option A) a strong genetic component is a common misconception as while genetics can play a role in predisposing someone to depression, it is not the sole determinant. Environmental factors, life events, and coping strategies also significantly contribute to the development of depression. Option B) never beginning before adolescence is incorrect as major depression can indeed occur in children, even in early childhood. Recognizing and addressing depression in children is critical for preventing long-term negative consequences on their mental health and well-being. Option C) absence of hallucinations is not a defining characteristic of major depression in children. While hallucinations can occur in some cases of severe depression, their absence does not rule out the possibility of major depression. Educationally, understanding the nuances of major depression in children equips healthcare providers with the knowledge and skills to provide comprehensive care. By differentiating between myths and facts surrounding pediatric depression, nurses can advocate for early screening, appropriate interventions, and ongoing support for children at risk for or experiencing major depression. This knowledge ultimately contributes to improved outcomes and mental health for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) corrosive gastroenteritis. When a child ingests a button battery containing inorganic mercury salts, it can lead to serious consequences. The battery casing can corrode in the esophagus, releasing toxic substances like mercury. This can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, leading to corrosive gastroenteritis characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and necrosis of the mucosa. Option A) tremor is not typically associated with acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts but may be seen in cases of mercury poisoning from other sources such as elemental mercury. Option B) neuropsychiatric disturbances are more commonly associated with chronic exposure to mercury rather than acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts. Option C) gingivostomatitis is not a typical manifestation of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts and is more commonly seen with viral or bacterial infections. Educationally, it is essential for healthcare providers, particularly pediatric nurses, to be aware of the potential complications and manifestations of ingesting button batteries containing toxic substances like mercury. Recognizing the signs and symptoms promptly is crucial for initiating appropriate interventions and preventing serious complications in affected children. This knowledge can help in providing timely and effective care to these patients.