Major Depressive disorder (MDD) is being increasingly seen in offspring of depressed parents; it has many forms that may be seen in the same family. Of the following, the MOST common depressive disorder in children and adolescent is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the different types of depressive disorders seen in children and adolescents is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The rationale behind this is that adjustment disorder with depressed mood is the most common depressive disorder in children and adolescents due to its direct link to stressful life events or changes. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, making them more prone to developing adjustment disorders. Option A) dysthymic disorder is a chronic, low-grade depressive disorder, less commonly seen in children compared to adults. Option B) atypical depression and Option D) seasonal affective disorder are less common in the pediatric population and are more often seen in adults. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing and differentiating depressive disorders in children and adolescents. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to consider the context of a child's life and any recent stressors when assessing and diagnosing depressive symptoms in this population. Understanding the prevalence of adjustment disorder with depressed mood in children can guide nurses in providing appropriate support and interventions tailored to the child's specific needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate diagnostic procedure for the child described is a language evaluation (Option C). This is because the child is having difficulty with spelling, reading, following directions, and appears confused in class, indicating potential language-related challenges. A language evaluation can assess the child's receptive and expressive language skills, including vocabulary, grammar, comprehension, and communication abilities. Identifying any language difficulties early on can help tailor interventions and support for the child's specific needs. Option A, an attention deficit questionnaire, may seem relevant given the child's difficulties in focusing and following directions. However, the primary concern in this case is the child's language skills, making a language evaluation more appropriate. Option B, an intelligence test, may not directly address the child's specific challenges with language and reading. While it can provide information about overall cognitive abilities, it may not pinpoint the root cause of the child's difficulties. Option D, a psychiatric assessment for depression, is not warranted based on the information provided. The child's symptoms are more indicative of potential language-based learning issues rather than depression. In an educational context, understanding the importance of appropriate diagnostic procedures is crucial for identifying and addressing students' learning needs effectively. By selecting the most relevant assessment tools, educators and healthcare professionals can create tailored interventions and support plans to help children succeed academically and socially.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enuresis is defined as involuntary urination in children beyond the age when bladder control is expected. The correct answer is A) wetting 2 times per week for 3 consecutive months. This definition aligns with the criteria set by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) for diagnosing enuresis. It specifies both the frequency and duration required for a diagnosis of enuresis. Option B) wetting 2 times per week for any 3 months in a year is incorrect because enuresis is diagnosed based on consecutive months of bedwetting, not sporadic occurrences throughout the year. Option C) not being dry at 3 years of age is incorrect because it overlooks the developmental variability in achieving nighttime bladder control. It is considered normal for children to achieve bladder control at different ages. Option D) not being dry at 5 years of age is incorrect because this age is beyond the typical window for nighttime bladder control to be established. Enuresis is typically diagnosed in children older than 5 years who continue to experience bedwetting. Understanding the criteria for diagnosing enuresis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support to children and families dealing with this condition. It helps in differentiating between normal developmental variations and potential underlying issues that may require intervention. By knowing the correct diagnostic criteria, nurses can offer effective strategies and support to manage and treat enuresis in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristics of major depression in children is crucial for early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option D, stating "no risk of depression in adulthood," is accurate because major depression in children can indeed persist into adulthood if left untreated. This highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing depression in children to prevent long-term mental health issues. Option A, "a strong genetic component," is a common misconception as while genetics can play a role in predisposing individuals to depression, it is not a definitive factor and there are many other contributing factors such as environment and life experiences. Option B, "never beginning before adolescence," is incorrect as major depression can indeed manifest in children, even at a young age. Early onset depression in childhood is a serious issue that requires attention and appropriate management. Option C, "absence of hallucinations," is also incorrect because some children with major depression can experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, though it is not a defining characteristic of depression in children. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to identify the signs and symptoms of major depression in children, as well as understand the potential long-term implications if left untreated. Early recognition and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for children with depression, emphasizing the critical role of healthcare providers in the mental well-being of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts, particularly from a button battery, the correct manifestation that can occur within a few hours is corrosive gastroenteritis (Option D). This is because the battery casing can break down in the stomach, releasing the toxic contents leading to severe damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Option A (tremor) and Option B (neuropsychiatric disturbances) are incorrect as immediate symptoms of mercury salt ingestion. These symptoms are more commonly associated with chronic mercury exposure rather than acute ingestion. Option C (gingivostomatitis) is also incorrect as a manifestation of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts. Gingivostomatitis refers to inflammation of the gums and oral mucosa, which is not typically a direct effect of mercury salt ingestion. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of acute mercury salt ingestion is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide prompt and appropriate care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of corrosive gastroenteritis can help healthcare providers intervene swiftly and effectively to mitigate the damage caused by the ingestion of toxic substances like mercury salts, especially in pediatric patients who may accidentally ingest such hazardous materials.