Major depression in children may be characterized by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the manifestations of major depression in children is crucial for early identification and intervention. The correct answer, option D) no risk of depression in adulthood, is supported by research indicating that major depression in childhood can indeed predispose individuals to depression in adulthood. This is due to the impact of early experiences, genetic vulnerabilities, and environmental factors on mental health across the lifespan. Option A) a strong genetic component is a common misconception as while genetics can play a role in predisposing someone to depression, it is not the sole determinant. Environmental factors, life events, and coping strategies also significantly contribute to the development of depression. Option B) never beginning before adolescence is incorrect as major depression can indeed occur in children, even in early childhood. Recognizing and addressing depression in children is critical for preventing long-term negative consequences on their mental health and well-being. Option C) absence of hallucinations is not a defining characteristic of major depression in children. While hallucinations can occur in some cases of severe depression, their absence does not rule out the possibility of major depression. Educationally, understanding the nuances of major depression in children equips healthcare providers with the knowledge and skills to provide comprehensive care. By differentiating between myths and facts surrounding pediatric depression, nurses can advocate for early screening, appropriate interventions, and ongoing support for children at risk for or experiencing major depression. This knowledge ultimately contributes to improved outcomes and mental health for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Pasteurella species. When it comes to cat bites, Pasteurella species are the most common microorganisms associated with infections. Cats have a high prevalence of Pasteurella in their oral flora, making it a common pathogen introduced into the wound during a bite. Option A) Staphylococcus species and B) Streptococcus species are less commonly associated with cat bites compared to Pasteurella. While they can cause infections, they are not the primary pathogens typically seen in cat bite wounds. Option C) Eikenella species can also be present in cat bites, but it is not as common or as clinically significant as Pasteurella. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the common microorganisms associated with specific types of animal bites is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of complications. Recognizing Pasteurella as the most frequent pathogen in cat bites helps healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding antibiotic therapy and wound management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding how environmental factors influence health outcomes is crucial. The correct answer is D) dogs. Dogs, as pets, have been associated with a reduced risk of developing atopy in children due to their exposure to various allergens present in the dog's fur and dander. This exposure helps in stimulating the immune system early in childhood, promoting tolerance and reducing the likelihood of developing allergic conditions like atopy. Option A) smoking is incorrect because exposure to cigarette smoke, whether in utero or during childhood, is a known risk factor for the development of respiratory issues and can exacerbate conditions like atopy. Option B) alcohol is unrelated to the development or prevention of atopy in children and does not have a protective effect against this condition. Option C) rodents are more commonly associated with triggering allergic reactions and asthma in children rather than protecting against atopy. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be aware of the impact of environmental exposures on children's health outcomes. By understanding the role of factors like pet ownership in reducing the risk of atopy, nurses can provide valuable guidance to parents on creating a healthy environment for their children. Encouraging discussions around these topics can empower families to make informed decisions that promote their children's well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Second-generation antihistamines are preferred over first-generation antihistamines in pediatric patients due to their less sedating effects. This is the correct answer because sedation is a common side effect of first-generation antihistamines, which can impact a child's ability to function normally, especially in school or during activities requiring alertness. Option A, longer action, is not the primary reason for choosing second-generation antihistamines over first-generation ones. While some second-generation antihistamines may have a longer duration of action, the key differentiating factor in pediatric patients is the reduced sedation. Option C, more potency, is not the primary consideration when choosing between antihistamines in pediatric patients. The focus is on achieving symptom relief with minimal side effects, particularly sedation. Option D, more palatable effect, is not a significant factor when comparing first and second-generation antihistamines in pediatric patients. Taste preferences may vary among children, but the primary concern is the safety and efficacy of the medication. In an educational context, understanding the differences between first and second-generation antihistamines is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. By prioritizing medications with less sedation, healthcare providers can help minimize the impact on a child's daily activities while effectively managing allergic symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) female gender. In pediatric asthma, females are not considered a specific risk factor for increased morbidity or mortality compared to males. Asthma is a complex condition influenced by various factors. Poverty (option A) is a well-established risk factor as it can limit access to healthcare, medications, and living conditions that may exacerbate asthma. Air pollution exposure (option B) can trigger asthma attacks and worsen symptoms. Poor response to systemic steroid therapy (option D) indicates a more severe form of asthma that is difficult to control with standard treatments. In an educational context, understanding risk factors for asthma morbidity and mortality is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care. By recognizing these factors, nurses can develop individualized care plans, educate families on asthma management strategies, and advocate for resources to address environmental triggers. Additionally, knowing which factors do not contribute significantly to asthma outcomes helps nurses focus on interventions that will have the most impact on improving a child's asthma control and quality of life.