Low birth weight or premature infants are screened for anemia at birth and again at the age of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric care, screening for anemia in low birth weight or premature infants is crucial due to their increased risk for this condition. The correct answer is C) 6 months. At this age, infants are more developed and have had time to establish their own iron stores, making it an appropriate time for screening. Anemia can have serious implications for a child's development and growth, so early detection is key. Option A) 2 months is too early for accurate screening as infants are still in the process of establishing their iron stores. Waiting until 6 months allows for a more reliable assessment. Option B) 4 months is also premature for anemia screening as infants may not have had sufficient time to develop adequate iron levels. Option D) 8 months is too late for the initial screening, as early detection and intervention are essential in managing anemia effectively in infants. Educationally, understanding the timing of anemia screening in low birth weight or premature infants is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers. This knowledge ensures appropriate monitoring and intervention to promote optimal health outcomes for this vulnerable population. By following evidence-based screening guidelines, healthcare professionals can contribute to the early identification and management of anemia in at-risk infants, ultimately improving their long-term health and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of both the adenoids and tonsils, which can obstruct the airway during sleep, leading to breathing pauses and disrupted sleep patterns characteristic of sleep apnea. Obesity is a risk factor for sleep apnea in both children and adults, but it is not the most common cause in pediatric cases. Allergies can contribute to nasal congestion and inflammation, but they are not the primary cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Pharyngeal reactive edema due to gastroesophageal reflux can cause swelling in the throat, but it is not as common a cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children as adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Educationally, understanding the common causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing adenotonsillar hypertrophy as the primary cause helps in proper diagnosis and treatment planning, which may include surgical intervention to address the obstruction and improve sleep quality and overall health outcomes in affected children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of child development, the correct answer is D) fine motor and symbolic thought. Building a tower at 22 months old involves using fine motor skills to manipulate and stack objects. Additionally, it requires symbolic thought as the child understands that one object can represent another (e.g., a block represents a building). This task goes beyond simple object manipulation and involves cognitive abilities such as imagination and representation. Option A) visual-motor coordination is not the best choice because building a tower involves more than just coordinating visual input with motor actions. Gross motor skills, as mentioned in option C), are not primarily involved in the precise movements needed for building a tower with blocks. While option B) mentions using objects and actions in combination, it does not specifically address the cognitive aspect of symbolic thought necessary for tower building. Educationally, understanding the developmental milestones and cognitive processes involved in tasks like building a tower can help educators and caregivers support children's learning and provide appropriate activities to promote their growth. By recognizing the link between fine motor skills and symbolic thought in this context, educators can tailor their teaching strategies to enhance children's cognitive and motor development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common pediatric condition characterized by episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. The correct answer is D) 2-30% O2 desaturation because this is not typically associated with obstructive sleep apnea. In obstructive sleep apnea, there is a significant reduction in airflow due to upper airway collapse, leading to repeated apnea episodes. The desaturation levels usually range from 4% to 4%. Option A) episodes of prolonged upper airway obstruction is correct as it aligns with obstructive sleep apnea symptoms. Option B) repeated apnea is also compatible with obstructive sleep apnea as it is a defining feature of the condition. Option C) a 30% reduction in airflow is also consistent with obstructive sleep apnea. In an educational context, understanding the defining characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea is crucial for healthcare providers caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms allows for timely diagnosis and intervention, which can improve the child's quality of life and prevent complications associated with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric critical care, it is crucial to understand the pharmacological effects of medications commonly used in operative and postoperative settings. In this case, fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic often used for pain management in pediatric patients. The correct answer, "D) Acidosis," is not typically associated with fentanyl use. Fentanyl, like other opioids, can cause respiratory depression, which can lead to respiratory acidosis in high doses or in susceptible patients. However, in the given context of operative and postoperative procedures where fentanyl is appropriately dosed and monitored, acidosis is not a common adverse effect. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) Tachycardia: Fentanyl is more commonly associated with bradycardia due to its central nervous system depressant effects. B) Hypotension: Fentanyl can cause hypotension, especially during induction of anesthesia, as it can lead to vasodilation. This is a known side effect of fentanyl use. C) Nausea and vomiting: Fentanyl can indeed cause nausea and vomiting as part of its side effect profile, especially in the immediate postoperative period. Educationally, understanding the potential side effects and complications of medications like fentanyl is essential for pediatric critical care nurses and nurse practitioners to provide safe and effective care. By knowing the expected effects of fentanyl, healthcare providers can anticipate and manage potential complications, ensuring optimal patient outcomes.