Low birth weight or premature infants are screened for anemia at birth and again at the age of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the care of low birth weight or premature infants, screening for anemia is crucial due to their increased risk of this condition. The correct answer, C) 6 months, is the appropriate time for re-screening these infants for anemia. At this age, their iron stores from birth begin to deplete, putting them at risk for developing anemia. Option A) 2 months is too early for a re-screening as infants' iron stores are still sufficient at this age. Option B) 4 months is also premature for re-screening as iron supplementation typically starts around this time but re-screening for anemia is usually recommended later. Option D) 8 months is too late for re-screening as anemia in these vulnerable infants should be detected and managed earlier to prevent complications. Educationally, understanding the timing of anemia screening in low birth weight or premature infants is vital for pediatric nurses and other healthcare providers working with this population. It ensures early detection and intervention, promoting optimal health outcomes for these vulnerable infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In children, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is adenotonsillar hypertrophy (Option C). Adenotonsillar hypertrophy refers to enlarged tonsils and adenoids, which can obstruct the airway during sleep, leading to breathing pauses and disrupted sleep patterns. This condition is prevalent in children due to the anatomical size of their airways relative to the size of their tonsils and adenoids. Option A, obesity, can also contribute to sleep apnea in children, but it is not the most common cause. Obesity can lead to increased soft tissue around the airway, contributing to obstruction during sleep. Option B, allergies, can cause nasal congestion and inflammation, but it is not the primary cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Option D, pharyngeal reactive edema due to gastroesophageal reflux, is less common than adenotonsillar hypertrophy in causing obstructive sleep apnea in children. While gastroesophageal reflux can cause inflammation in the throat, leading to some airway obstruction, it is not as prevalent as adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Educationally, understanding the common causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing adenotonsillar hypertrophy as the primary cause can guide clinicians in appropriate assessment, management, and referral for children presenting with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to children with obstructive sleep apnea, leading to better outcomes and improved quality of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) fine motor and symbolic thought. Building a tower by a 22-month-old child involves fine motor skills such as grasping, stacking, and manipulating objects. Additionally, it requires symbolic thought, as the child is using the blocks as symbols to represent a structure. Option A) visual-motor coordination is not the most critical aspect when building a tower with blocks. While visual-motor coordination is important for tasks like drawing or threading beads, it is not the primary skill at play in tower building. Option B) using objects and actions in combination is too broad and does not specifically address the fine motor skills and symbolic thought required for tower building. Option C) gross motor skills are related to larger movements of the body, such as walking or jumping. These skills are not as directly involved in the precise movements needed for building a tower with blocks. In an educational context, understanding the developmental milestones and skills required for tasks like building a tower can help educators assess a child's progress and provide appropriate support and guidance. By recognizing that tower building involves fine motor skills and symbolic thought, educators can create activities that specifically target these areas of development in young children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to apnea (cessation of breathing) or hypopnea (reduced airflow). The correct answer, option D, "2-30% O2 desaturation," is incompatible with the definition of OSA because significant oxygen desaturation, usually greater than 3-4%, is a hallmark feature of OSA, not a mild desaturation range of 2-30%. Option A, "episodes of prolonged upper airway obstruction," is compatible with OSA as this obstruction leads to breathing difficulties during sleep. Option B, "repeated apnea," is also compatible as OSA is characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea/hypopnea. Option C, "2-30% reduction in airflow," is also compatible as reduced airflow is a key feature of OSA contributing to breathing difficulties and hypoxia. In an educational context, understanding the defining characteristics of OSA is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those caring for pediatric patients who may be at risk for this condition. Recognizing the symptoms and diagnostic criteria for OSA can lead to timely intervention and management to improve the child's overall health and quality of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric Critical Care Registered Nursing (CCRN) practice, understanding the effects of medications like fentanyl is crucial for providing safe and effective care to critically ill children. The correct answer is D) Acidosis. Fentanyl use is not typically associated with causing acidosis in pediatric patients. Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to pain relief without significant effects on acid-base balance. A) Tachycardia is a possible side effect of fentanyl due to its potential to cause respiratory depression, leading to hypoxia and subsequent compensatory tachycardia. B) Hypotension is a common adverse effect of fentanyl use, as opioids can cause vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance, resulting in low blood pressure. C) Nausea and vomiting are frequently reported side effects of opioid medications like fentanyl due to their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Educationally, nurses and healthcare providers need to be aware of the potential side effects and adverse reactions associated with fentanyl use in pediatric patients. By understanding the pharmacological properties of fentanyl, including its effects on various physiological systems, nurses can monitor patients closely, anticipate potential complications, and intervene promptly to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes.