Louie, who is to receive a blood transfusion asks the nurse what is the most common type of infection he could receive from the transfusion. The nurse teaches him that approximately 1 in 250,000 patients contract:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hepatitis B infection is the most common serious infection that patients can contract from a blood transfusion. It is estimated that approximately 1 in 250,000 patients receiving a blood transfusion may contract Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Blood banks and healthcare facilities have strict screening and testing procedures in place to minimize the risk of transmitting Hepatitis B through blood transfusions. It is important for patients to be aware of this risk and to follow up with their healthcare provider if they experience any symptoms of Hepatitis B after a blood transfusion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ACE inhibitors are considered a first-line drug for treating hypertension in many patients. They work by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. ACE inhibitors are well tolerated and have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with hypertension. Other medication classes such as diuretics, alpha blockers, and alpha/beta blockers may also be used in the management of hypertension but ACE inhibitors are often preferred as a first-line therapy due to their efficacy, safety profile, and proven outcomes in hypertension management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The relationship of the blood concentration attained with initial dosing and the dose of drug given is best described by the concept of steady state. Steady state refers to the point at which the rate of drug input (dose) equals the rate of drug elimination, resulting in consistent drug levels in the blood. Achieving steady state typically requires several half-lives of the drug, during which the drug concentration gradually increases with each dose until it stabilizes. The dose of the drug given will influence how quickly steady state is reached and at what concentration the drug will be maintained in the body. Factors such as bioavailability, half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance play important roles in determining the dosage needed to reach and maintain steady state drug levels in the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that is commonly used for pain management, but it is not typically used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Instead, medications such as loperamide or diphenoxylate/atropine are more commonly employed for managing diarrhea. Morphine can actually cause constipation as a side effect due to its action on opioid receptors in the gut. Therefore, the statement that morphine is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery is false.