List the organs of the urinary system in order from urine production to excretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Order is kidneys (production), ureters (transport), bladder (storage), urethra (excretion) e.g., anatomical flow. Urethra before bladder reverses impossible. Bladder first ignores production false. Correct sequence distinguishes it, key to urinary path, unlike disordered options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urine = filtration – reabsorption + secretion e.g., 180 L filtered, 99% reabsorbed, waste added (1.8 L urine). Adding reabsorption increases volume false. Subtracting secretion removes waste wrong. Adding/subtracting reabsorption miscalculates illogical. Correct formula distinguishes it, key to urine composition, unlike additive or subtractive errors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The ascending limb is water-impermeable pumps NaCl, concentrating medulla (e.g., countercurrent multiplier). Descending is permeable water exits. Thick/thin are subsets ascending key. Impermeability distinguishes it, critical for urine concentration, unlike permeable or vague options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The hypothalamus monitors blood osmolarity osmoreceptors trigger ADH (e.g., water balance). JGA senses pressure not osmolarity directly. Medulla oblongata is respiratory not osmotic. Midbrain is motor unrelated. Hypothalamus's osmotic role distinguishes it, critical for hydration, unlike pressure or neural sites.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cystitis is bladder infection e.g., E. coli common (mucosa). Urethritis is urethra not bladder. Pyelonephritis is kidney higher. Nephritis is inflammation not specific infection. Cystitis's location distinguishes it, critical for bladder pathology, unlike adjacent or vague terms.