Lipoprotein is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): 1. A lipoprotein is a conjugated protein with a lipid component, facilitating lipid transportation in the blood. 2. Lipoproteins play a crucial role in transporting lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream. 3. They consist of proteins (apolipoproteins) and lipids, enabling solubility of lipids for transport. 4. Lipoproteins are classified based on density (e.g., HDL, LDL), reflecting their lipid and protein composition. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: This describes vitamins, not lipoproteins. Vitamins are organic substances essential for bodily functions but are not lipoproteins. C: Endocrine gland secretions are hormones, not lipoproteins. Hormones regulate bodily functions and are not directly related to lipid transportation. D: Lipoproteins are not mediators of the inflammatory process. Inflammation involves immune responses, not lipid transport.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Etidronate is a biphosphonate drug used to reduce osteoclast activity in conditions like Paget's disease. 2. It inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts without significantly affecting osteoblasts. 3. Monitoring serum phosphorus levels daily (choice B) is not necessary for etidronate. 4. Etidronate is a first-generation biphosphonate, not a 2nd generation (choice C). 5. Bioavailability of etidronate is poor and decreases with increasing doses, so choice D is incorrect.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, which acts on the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption, leading to potent diuresis. Step 2: Loop diuretics like Furosemide are more potent compared to other diuretics like thiazides (Hydrochlorothiazide) or potassium-sparing diuretics (Amiloride). Step 3: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that works in the proximal tubule and has a different mechanism of action, making it less potent than loop diuretics. Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is B, Furosemide, as it is a potent diuretic acting on the loop of Henle. Other choices are less potent due to their mechanisms of action and sites of action.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Answer D being correct: 1. Aminoglycosides are primarily effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. 2. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics but not effective against anaerobic microorganisms. 3. Aminoglycosides do not have antiviral properties. 4. Therefore, Answer D is correct as it accurately states their spectrum of activity. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Incorrect because aminoglycosides are not effective against Gram-positive microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, or spirochetes. B: Incorrect because aminoglycosides are not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. C: Incorrect because aminoglycosides are primarily effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, not anaerobic microorganisms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomatitis are common side effects of Metronidazole. Hypertension and disturbances of peripheral blood circulation are not typically associated with Metronidazole use. Therefore, choice A is the only option that accurately reflects the unwanted effects of Metronidazole.