Lipids are emulsified by ______ and digested by ______.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: bile salts; lipase. Bile salts emulsify lipids by breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase the surface area for digestion by lipase. Lipase is the enzyme responsible for digesting lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Option A is incorrect because lipase digests lipids, not bile salts. Option B is incorrect because amylase digests carbohydrates, not lipids. Option D is incorrect because pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins, not lipids.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because during the teen years, the brain undergoes significant changes in neural connections. New connections are formed through processes like synaptic pruning, which strengthens important connections and eliminates unnecessary ones. This dynamic phase is crucial for learning and adapting to new experiences. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because neural networks in the brain are not static and unchanging. The brain continues to reorganize and adapt throughout life, with myelination increasing to improve signal transmission efficiency, not decreasing as in choice D. Choice C is also incorrect as brain size does not significantly increase during the teen years, but rather the focus is on optimizing existing neural connections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is located near the electron transport chain where ROS are produced. This proximity increases the chances of oxidative damage to the mitochondrial DNA. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because mitochondrial DNA polymerase does have some proof-reading activity, oxygen content is necessary for mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial DNA damage is not solely due to aging but also due to ROS production.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct step is to choose option A: Stay calm and stay with the client. This is the priority action to ensure the client's emotional support and safety. Remaining calm helps in reassuring the client and prevents further anxiety or panic, which can exacerbate the situation. Option B, putting the client into semi-Fowler's position with knees slightly flexed, is not the immediate priority when dealing with wound evisceration. While positioning is important, the client's emotional and physical stability take precedence. Option C, covering the intestine with sterile moistened gauze, is not recommended as it could lead to complications such as infection or further damage to the exposed tissue. This step should be performed by a healthcare provider with proper training and sterile technique. Option D, having a colleague gather supplies and contact the physician, is also important but should come after ensuring the client's immediate emotional and physical well-being. Contacting the physician should be done promptly but not at the expense of neglecting the client's needs in the moment. Educationally, this scenario highlights the importance of prioritizing actions in emergency situations. Nurses and healthcare providers must be prepared to handle unexpected complications with composure and prioritize client care based on immediate needs. Proper training and knowledge of appropriate steps are crucial in providing safe and effective care in critical situations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Encouraging frequent, small, well-balanced meals. This is the most appropriate nursing action to promote easy passage of food to the stomach in an obese elderly client with a hiatal hernia. By consuming frequent, small meals, the client can prevent overeating, reduce pressure on the stomach, and minimize reflux symptoms associated with hiatal hernia. This approach helps in managing the condition effectively and promoting better digestion. Option B) Suggesting avoidance of foods that cause discomfort is not the best choice because it focuses on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying issue of promoting easy passage of food through the stomach. Option C) Instructing to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly is important for proper digestion but may not directly address the issue of easy passage of food through the stomach in a client with a hiatal hernia. Option D) Instructing to avoid alcohol and tobacco products is important for overall health but does not specifically target the passage of food through the stomach in a client with a hiatal hernia. Educational Context: Understanding the specific dietary and lifestyle modifications needed to manage conditions like hiatal hernia is crucial for nursing practice. Educating nurses on the importance of promoting optimal digestion and reducing discomfort in clients with gastrointestinal issues is essential for providing holistic and effective care. Encouraging critical thinking in choosing the most appropriate nursing actions based on the client's condition is a key aspect of nursing education and practice.