Leukokoria (white pupillary reflex) in newborn infant suggests the following disorders EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Leukokoria in a newborn infant is a concerning finding that can indicate various eye disorders. In this case, the correct answer is C) congenital glaucoma. Congenital glaucoma can present with leukokoria due to increased intraocular pressure leading to changes in the eye structure. This condition requires prompt evaluation and management to prevent vision loss. A) Cataracts can also present with leukokoria, as they cause opacity in the lens of the eye. Prompt identification and treatment are essential to prevent visual impairment. B) Tumor, such as retinoblastoma, can also manifest as leukokoria. Early detection and intervention are crucial to improve outcomes in these cases. D) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) typically does not present with leukokoria. ROP is a condition seen in premature infants due to abnormal blood vessel development in the retina. Screening and appropriate management are vital to prevent visual deficits. Educationally, understanding the various causes of leukokoria in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses to recognize and appropriately refer infants for further evaluation by ophthalmology specialists. Early detection and intervention can significantly impact visual outcomes in these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is crucial for providing effective care to neonates. The correct answer, option A, "prolonged rupture of membranes," is not a direct risk factor for RDS. Rupture of membranes can lead to infection, which is a risk factor, but the rupture itself does not directly increase the risk of RDS. Option B, "maternal diabetes," is a known risk factor for RDS as poorly controlled maternal diabetes can lead to fetal lung immaturity. Option C, "multiple births," increases the risk of RDS due to the higher likelihood of premature birth in multiple pregnancies. Option D, "cold stress," can also contribute to RDS by causing vasoconstriction and increased respiratory effort in neonates. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for RDS helps nurses in identifying high-risk neonates, implementing preventive measures, and providing appropriate interventions promptly. This knowledge is essential in pediatric nursing practice to ensure the best outcomes for infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the treatment of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), methylxanthines such as caffeine are commonly used due to their respiratory stimulant effects. The correct answer, option D, states that methylxanthines do not increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This is accurate because methylxanthines actually have a vasodilatory effect on the pulmonary vasculature, reducing PVR. Option A, increasing respiratory drive, is a known effect of methylxanthines. They stimulate the central nervous system, leading to an increase in respiratory rate and depth. Option B, decreasing apnea, is also a well-documented effect of methylxanthines as they help in reducing the incidence of apnea of prematurity in infants. Option C, improving diaphragmatic contractility, is not directly related to the effects of methylxanthines. While these medications primarily work by stimulating the respiratory centers in the brain, they do not have a direct effect on diaphragmatic contractility. In an educational context, understanding the effects of medications used in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as BPD is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows for safe and effective administration of these drugs, as well as monitoring for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions. This knowledge helps nurses provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients with respiratory issues and ensures optimal outcomes for these vulnerable populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors associated with significant jaundice is crucial for providing safe and effective care to newborns. In this question, the correct answer is B) male gender. Male gender is not a protective factor against significant jaundice. In fact, male infants are at a higher risk for developing jaundice compared to female infants due to differences in liver function and metabolism of bilirubin. Option A) gestational age ≥41 weeks is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as full-term infants have a more mature liver function, which helps in processing bilirubin effectively. Option C) exclusive bottle-feeding is a risk factor for significant jaundice as breastfed infants are less likely to develop jaundice due to the composition of breast milk and better feeding practices. Option D) discharge from the hospital after 72 hours is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as it allows for proper monitoring of bilirubin levels and ensures timely intervention if needed before discharge. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors for significant jaundice in newborns and emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment and management strategies to prevent adverse outcomes related to jaundice. Nurses must be able to identify these risk factors and provide appropriate care and education to parents to promote the health and well-being of newborns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question on pediatric nursing related to abnormally short cords, the correct answer is option A) Fetal hypotonia. Abnormally short cords are associated with fetal hypotonia because the lack of movement and muscle tone in the fetus can lead to decreased fetal activity which in turn may result in a shorter cord. Option B) Wrapping around fetal parts is incorrect because this is actually a common cause of fetal distress and complications during labor and delivery. When the cord wraps around the fetal parts, it can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the fetus. Option C) Uterine constraint is incorrect as well because this can also contribute to complications during labor and delivery but is not directly related to the length of the umbilical cord. Option D) Oligohydramnios is incorrect as it refers to decreased amniotic fluid levels which can also impact fetal well-being but is not directly related to the length of the umbilical cord. In an educational context, understanding the implications of abnormally short cords is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for infants and children. Recognizing the factors associated with abnormal cord length can help nurses identify potential risks and provide appropriate care and interventions to ensure optimal outcomes for both the mother and the baby.