Ketoacidosis is most related to:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ketoacidosis is most related to excess fatty acid catabolism. During this process, the body breaks down fatty acids into ketones, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and causing metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical insufficiency (A) is related to cortisol deficiency, not ketoacidosis. Cushing syndrome (B) is associated with excess cortisol production, not ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the mechanism of ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. Insulin's primary function is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells and inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver. Choice A is correct as insulin helps lower blood glucose levels. Choice B is correct as insulin promotes protein synthesis. Choice D is correct as insulin promotes fatty acid synthesis to store excess glucose as fat. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as insulin actually inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis rather than stimulating it.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: are concerned with lactation. Both prolactin and oxytocin are hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin promotes milk production in the mammary glands, while oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the breasts during breastfeeding. Therefore, both hormones play crucial roles in the lactation process. Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, not the adenohypophysis. Choice C is incorrect because oxytocin specifically stimulates the contraction of the muscles around the mammary glands to release milk, not the production of milk. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin is also involved in milk ejection, not just lactation itself.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. 2. It is released in response to low blood glucose levels to increase blood sugar. 3. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. 4. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the function of glucagon. Summary: Choice B is incorrect because glucagon does not regulate sodium and water balance. Choice C is incorrect as glucagon is not a steroid hormone. Choice D is incorrect as glucagon is not a glucocorticoid hormone.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's circadian rhythm, including sleep-wake cycles. This gland is sensitive to light and darkness, influencing the body's internal clock. A: Thymus gland is responsible for immune function, not circadian rhythm. C: Parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body, not circadian rhythm. D: Pituitary gland controls various other hormones but not specifically circadian rhythm.