Juxtaglomerular cells combine with _______ cells to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: JG cells and macula densa form the JGA not pelvis, nephron (whole), or sinus. This specifies RAAS structure, critical for pressure, contrasting with broader terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chlorthiazide is a thiazide not loop diuretic (others are). This distinguishes diuretic class, critical for pharmacology, contrasting with loop agents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Efferent arteriole's narrowness raises glomerular pressure not Bowman's size/shape or afferent narrowness. This explains filtration pressure, key for GFR, contrasting with structural myths.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Podocytes are in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule modified, branching epithelial cells forming filtration slits (e.g., pedicels) around capillaries. The proximal tubule has cuboidal cells reabsorption, not filtration. The distal tubule includes macula densa sensing, not epithelial. The collecting duct has principal/intercalated cells regulation, not filtration. Podocytes' location and structure distinguish them, key to glomerular filtration barrier, unlike tubular or regulatory cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prostaglandins D/I/E cause renal vasodilation increase RBF and GFR (e.g., counter sympathetic tone). Vasoconstriction (e.g., PGF) decreases GFR opposite. Sodium reabsorption is tubular not vascular. Capsular pressure isn't prostaglandin-linked. Vasodilation's GFR boost distinguishes it, key to maintaining filtration, unlike constriction or tubular effects.