Jason, a 22 y.o. accident victim, requires an NG tube for feeding. What should you immediately do after inserting an NG tube for liquid enteral feedings?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because aspirating for gastric secretions ensures proper tube placement in the stomach, reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Choice B is irrelevant and doesn't address the immediate post-insertion step. Choice C is incorrect as starting feeding immediately can lead to complications if the tube is not in the correct position. Choice D is incorrect as X-ray verification is not needed immediately after insertion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: falciform ligament. The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the right and left lobes of the liver. It is a broad, thin ligament that resembles a sickle. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm, not the abdominal wall. C: The quadrate ligament attaches the liver to the gallbladder and the lesser curvature of the stomach. D: The caudate ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and is not directly related to the abdominal wall attachment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Salivary secretion is stimulated by the salivary nucleus in the brainstem and local reflexes in the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the oral cavity. The salivary nucleus receives input from higher brain centers and initiates the salivary reflex. Local reflexes in the oral cavity, such as mechanical stimulation of the mucosa, also trigger salivary secretion. Gastrin, as mentioned in option B and C, is not directly involved in the stimulation of salivary secretion. Option A is incorrect as salivary secretion is not solely stimulated by the salivary nucleus. Option D encompasses the comprehensive stimulation pathways involved in salivary secretion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Parasympathetic stimulation triggers the release of gastrin from endocrine cells in the stomach. Gastrin plays a key role in promoting gastric acid secretion and stimulating gastric motility. This hormone is essential for regulating digestion. Incorrect choices: B: Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is not released by endocrine cells in the stomach. C: Histamine is released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, not endocrine cells in the stomach. D: Secretin is released by the S cells in the duodenum in response to low pH in the small intestine, not by endocrine cells in the stomach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts emulsify fat into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This aids in fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect as bile salts do not directly break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts do not break down fats into cholesterol and lecithin. Choice D is incorrect as bile salts do not emulsify fats to bilirubin, but rather help in the digestion of fats.