Japanese encephalitis:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, not ticks, so option A is incorrect. The highest transmission rates actually occur during and just after the rainy season, not the dry season, making option B incorrect. Option D stating a neurological sequela rate of approximately $10\%$ is inaccurate; the actual rate is much higher, around $30\%$. Option C is correct because Japanese encephalitis indeed has an incubation period of 5-15 days following the mosquito bite. Understanding these details is crucial in infection control to accurately identify and manage cases. Educating healthcare professionals about the specific characteristics of various infectious diseases enables timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and effective prevention strategies. Infection control quizzes like this help reinforce knowledge, enhance preparedness, and ultimately contribute to better patient outcomes and public health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Fever >38° and irritability in children under 10 with 4CMenB vaccine Bexsero. This adverse reaction is recognized for the 4CMenB vaccine and is an important consideration for healthcare providers and parents to monitor post-vaccination. Option A is incorrect because a fever >39.5° is not a recognized adverse reaction to the Hib/Men C conjugate vaccine. Option B is incorrect as atopic dermatitis is not a common adverse reaction following MenC/Hib combined vaccine. Option C is also incorrect as impaired sleep is not a recognized adverse reaction to the MenC conjugate vaccine. Understanding adverse reactions to vaccines is crucial in healthcare to ensure proper monitoring, management, and education for patients. Recognizing and differentiating between common and serious adverse reactions helps healthcare providers in providing safe and effective care. In the case of meningococcal vaccines, being aware of the specific adverse reactions associated with each vaccine type is essential for promoting vaccine safety and compliance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Infections are at their peak in the winter months. This is true because pneumococcal infections tend to increase during colder seasons, especially in winter, due to factors like close indoor contact, weakened immune systems, and dry air which can make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. Option A is incorrect because the majority of infections in adults and children are caused by more than 10 capsular types of pneumococcus, not just up to 10. Pneumococcus has over 90 capsular serotypes known to cause infections. Option B is incorrect as the incubation period for pneumococcal infections is typically shorter, ranging from 1 to 3 days, not 7-10 days. This short incubation period contributes to the rapid spread of the infection. Option C is incorrect as pneumococcal infections are not commonly transmitted after transient contact with a case. The transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets from an infected person through coughing, sneezing, or close contact over an extended period. In an educational context, understanding the seasonality and transmission patterns of pneumococcal infections is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially during peak seasons when preventive measures like vaccinations and proper infection control practices should be emphasized to reduce the spread of the disease. This knowledge helps in effectively managing and preventing pneumococcal infections in both clinical and community settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Is recommended for everyone aged 65 years and over. Rationale: 1. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is indeed recommended for all individuals aged 65 years and older to protect against pneumococcal disease, which is more prevalent in older adults. Why others are wrong: - Option B is incorrect as the primary schedule for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is a single dose for individuals aged 65 and older. - Option C is incorrect because boosters are not routinely recommended for all individuals in clinical risk groups every 5 years. - Option D is incorrect as the pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for asplenic children at an earlier age, typically starting at 2 years old. Educational context: Understanding the appropriate indications and schedules for vaccines is crucial in infection control. By knowing the specific recommendations for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, healthcare professionals can ensure that individuals receive the appropriate immunizations to prevent infections and promote overall health, especially in high-risk populations like older adults.