It is undesirable to take alcohol before going outdoors when it extremely cold, but it may be harmless to take some after coming into a warm place from the cold.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Alcohol consumption before going outdoors in extremely cold weather can lead to increased risk of hypothermia as it dilates blood vessels and causes heat loss. However, after coming indoors from the cold, having some alcohol may not pose the same risk as the body is already in a warm environment and can regulate its temperature better. Therefore, it is important to avoid alcohol before exposure to cold but may be harmless after being in a warm place. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the specific considerations related to alcohol consumption in cold weather.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants like trazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine have fewer antimuscarinic effects compared to older tricyclic antidepressants. These newer antidepressants have a more selective mechanism of action, targeting specific neurotransmitters, which leads to reduced antimuscarinic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Therefore, all three options have minimal antimuscarinic effects, making them favorable choices for patients who are sensitive to these side effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clordiazepoxide. Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their sedative and anxiolytic properties. Clordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine derivative due to its chemical structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. This structure is characteristic of benzodiazepines and is responsible for their pharmacological effects. A: Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that works through a different mechanism by acting as a partial agonist at serotonin receptors. C: Meprobamate is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines. D: Chloral hydrate is a sedative-hypnotic drug with a different chemical structure and mechanism of action compared to benzodiazepines.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reddening of the conjunctiva. Cannabis intoxication often causes redness in the eyes due to vasodilation. This occurs because cannabis can lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the eyes. This physiologic sign, known as "red eye," is a common characteristic of cannabis intoxication. Bradycardia (A) is not typically associated with cannabis use, as it can actually increase heart rate. Miosis (C) refers to constriction of the pupils, which is more commonly seen with opioid use. Nausea and vomiting (D) are possible side effects of cannabis use, but they are not as specific to cannabis intoxication as redness of the conjunctiva.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium cromoglycate. Inhaled glucocorticoids are used for asthma and other respiratory conditions. Sodium cromoglycate is a mast cell stabilizer, not a glucocorticoid. Triamcinolone, beclometazone, and budesonide are all inhaled glucocorticoids commonly used to reduce inflammation in the airways. It is important to differentiate between glucocorticoids and other types of respiratory medications to ensure proper treatment.