Is the following information subjective or objective? Mr. M. has shortness of breath that has persisted for the past 10 days; it is worse with activity and relieved by rest.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The information provided about Mr. M's shortness of breath being present for the past 10 days, worsening with activity, and relieved by rest are all objective findings. These are measurable and observable facts that can be documented by healthcare professionals through physical examination, assessment, and potentially diagnostic tests. Subjective information would involve Mr. M's personal feelings or descriptions of his symptoms, which are not included in the given information.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most logical sequence for the patient-provider interview is to greet the patient, establish rapport, invite the patient's story, establish the agenda, expand and clarify the patient's story, and negotiate a plan. This sequence ensures a patient-centered approach by first building a connection with the patient, allowing the patient to share their concerns and story, and then working collaboratively with the patient to address these concerns. It is important to start by building rapport to establish trust and a comfortable environment for the patient to open up about their health concerns. Inviting the patient's story allows the provider to understand the patient's perspective and how their symptoms are impacting their life. Establishing the agenda sets the priorities for the visit and ensures that both the provider and patient are on the same page. Expanding and clarifying the patient's story helps gather more detailed information, leading to a comprehensive assessment. Finally, negotiating a plan together with the patient ensures shared decision-making and a patient-centered approach

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this situation, it is important to prioritize active listening over taking detailed notes. By pushing away from the keyboard or putting down your pen, you are signaling to the patient that you are fully present and engaged in listening to their story. This will help foster trust and encourage the patient to continue sharing their personal history. Taking notes can be done later, but the immediate focus should be on providing a supportive and attentive environment for the patient to share their experiences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Changes in weight, fatigue and weakness, fever and chills are common symptoms that can provide valuable information about a person's overall health. These symptoms may indicate underlying medical conditions and merit further investigation. However, a cough, while it can be a symptom of various respiratory or systemic illnesses, is not typically part of the General Survey and vital signs assessment. It is usually addressed in a more focused respiratory assessment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by a pattern of breathing with gradual increase and then decrease in depth of breaths, followed by a period of apnea. This cycle repeats itself. It is commonly seen in patients with heart failure and other conditions affecting the central nervous system. The patient in this scenario is not in distress, which is typical of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Ataxic (Biot's) breathing is characterized by unpredictable irregular breaths with varying depths and irregular pauses; it is seen in patients with damage to the medulla. Kussmaul's respiration is deep, rapid, and labored breathing seen in metabolic acidosis. COPD with prolonged expiration is a characteristic finding in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but in this case, the described breathing pattern is more consistent with Cheyne-Stokes respiration.