Is the following information subjective or objective? Mr. M. has shortness of breath that has persisted for the past 10 days; it is worse with activity and relieved by rest.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The information provided in the question describes Mr. M.'s personal experience of shortness of breath, which is based on his feelings and sensations. This subjective information cannot be measured or observed by others, making it open to interpretation. Therefore, it falls under the category of subjective. In contrast, objective information is factual and verifiable, typically based on measurable data or observations made by multiple individuals. In this case, since Mr. M.'s shortness of breath is described in terms of his personal experience and feelings, it is considered subjective. Hence, choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the nature of the information provided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it provides specific, measurable data (heart rate of 80 bpm) that is observable and quantifiable. Objective information is based on facts and observable phenomena, not subjective interpretations or feelings. Choices A, C, and D involve subjective statements from the patient, which can vary based on individual perception and interpretation, making them less reliable for making clinical decisions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The high-pitched, tinkling sounds heard during auscultation of the abdomen indicate bowel obstruction. This is due to the increased peristalsis and fluid and gas moving through the obstructed bowel, causing the tinkling noise. Normal peristalsis (choice A) would not produce such sounds. Gastrointestinal reflux (choice B) is associated with heartburn and regurgitation, not tinkling sounds. Ascites (choice D) is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and would not produce the described tinkling sounds. In summary, the tinkling sounds suggest bowel obstruction due to increased peristalsis and fluid and gas movement, making choice C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Recent memory. By asking the patient to recall three words, the nurse is assessing the patient's ability to remember information that was just presented to them, which falls under recent memory. This test helps evaluate the patient's immediate memory function and can provide insights into cognitive impairments or memory deficits. Incorrect choices: B: Long-term memory - This choice is incorrect because the nurse is assessing the patient's ability to recall information presented in the immediate past, not from a long time ago. C: Abstract reasoning - This choice is incorrect as assessing abstract reasoning involves tasks that require logical thinking and problem-solving, not simply recalling words. D: Orientation - This choice is incorrect because orientation refers to awareness of person, place, time, and situation, which is not being tested by asking the patient to recall three words.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hypervolemia. Bounding peripheral pulses are typically associated with increased blood volume, which is a characteristic of hypervolemia. When the body has an excess of fluid, the pulse feels strong and full due to the increased volume of blood circulating in the arteries. In contrast: A: Hypovolemia is characterized by decreased blood volume, leading to weak and thready pulses. B: Aortic stenosis causes obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, resulting in a weak, delayed, or diminished pulse. D: Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that can result in an irregular pulse, but it does not typically cause bounding pulses.