__________ is a disorder of the urinary system in which the kidneys cannot filter some waste products.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic renal failure. In chronic renal failure, the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood. This leads to a buildup of waste products in the body, causing various complications. Urinary tract infection (B) is an infection of the urinary system, not a disorder related to the kidneys' filtering function. Urinary incontinence (C) is the inability to control bladder function and is not related to the kidneys' filtering ability. End-stage renal disease (D) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys have completely lost their function, leading to the need for dialysis or kidney transplant.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Swelling in the ankles. In congestive heart failure, the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body, causing swelling in the ankles. Decreased urination (A) could indicate kidney issues, weight loss (B) is not typically a symptom, and decreased pulse (D) is not a common sign of congestive heart failure. Swelling in the ankles is a classic symptom due to fluid retention in the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phantom sensation. This refers to the perception of warmth, itching, or tingling in a body part that has been amputated. It is a common phenomenon experienced by individuals who have undergone amputations. The other choices, A (Osteoporosis), B (Bursitis), and D (Osteoarthritis), are unrelated to the sensation experienced in an amputated body part. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakening of bones, bursitis is inflammation of the bursae, and osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. Therefore, only phantom sensation accurately describes the warmth, itching, or tingling experienced in an amputated body part.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hormones. Hormones are chemical substances produced by the body's endocrine system that regulate various bodily functions. They act as messengers, controlling processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Nutrients (A) are substances essential for growth and health, but they are not created by the body. Minerals (B) are inorganic substances vital for bodily functions, but they are not created by the body either. Vitamins (D) are organic compounds necessary for various bodily processes, but they are also not produced by the body.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rheumatoid arthritis. This is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, leading to inflammation and joint damage. Hypothyroidism (choice A) is a thyroid disorder, not an autoimmune disease. Hepatitis (choice C) is a viral infection affecting the liver. Gonorrhea (choice D) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. Rheumatoid arthritis is the only option that fits the criteria of an autoimmune disease where the immune system targets the body's own tissues.