__________ is a disorder of the urinary system in which the kidneys cannot filter some waste products.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure is a disorder of the urinary system where the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products from the blood. This leads to a buildup of waste products and toxins in the body, causing various symptoms and complications. Rationale: 1. Chronic renal failure specifically refers to the long-term and progressive decline in kidney function, leading to impaired waste filtration. 2. Urinary tract infection (B) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, not a disorder of kidney filtration. 3. Urinary incontinence (C) is the inability to control urination, not related to kidney filtration. 4. End-stage renal disease (D) is the final stage of chronic renal failure where the kidneys have lost most of their function, making it a severe consequence of chronic renal failure, not the disorder itself.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Swelling in the ankles. In congestive heart failure, the heart's inability to pump effectively leads to fluid buildup in the body, causing swelling in the ankles (edema). Decreased urination (A) is a symptom of kidney dysfunction in heart failure. Weight loss (B) is not typical in heart failure due to fluid retention. Decreased pulse (D) is not a common sign of heart failure; in fact, heart failure can lead to a rapid or irregular pulse.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phantom sensation. Phantom sensation refers to the warmth, itching, or tingling felt in a body part that has been amputated. This phenomenon occurs due to the brain still receiving signals from the nerves that used to be connected to the now missing body part. Osteoporosis (A) is a condition characterized by weakening of bones, not related to sensations in amputated limbs. Bursitis (B) is inflammation of the bursae, not associated with phantom sensations. Osteoarthritis (D) is a degenerative joint disease, not related to sensations in amputated limbs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hormones. Hormones are chemical substances produced by the body's endocrine glands that regulate various physiological functions. They act as messengers, controlling processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Nutrients (A), Minerals (B), and Vitamins (D) are essential for the body but do not regulate bodily functions in the same way as hormones do. Nutrients provide energy and building blocks for the body, minerals are important for various bodily functions, and vitamins play crucial roles in metabolism and overall health. However, hormones specifically serve as signaling molecules that coordinate and control the activities of different organs and systems in the body.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rheumatoid arthritis. This is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, leading to inflammation and joint damage. Hypothyroidism (Choice A) is a thyroid disorder, not an autoimmune disease. Hepatitis (Choice C) is a viral infection affecting the liver. Gonorrhea (Choice D) is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection, not an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis fits the criteria of an autoimmune disease as it involves the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.