ATI RN
ATI Practice Exam Pharmacology The Hematologic System Questions
Question 1 of 9
Intravenous (IV) therapy is ordered for a patient with a serum sodium of 150 mEq/L. Which of the following does the nurse anticipate administering?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a patient with a high serum sodium level (hypernatremia), the goal is to lower the sodium concentration gradually to avoid rapid changes and prevent cerebral edema. A hypotonic solution like 0.25% normal saline (0.25% NS) is appropriate for this situation. The lower sodium content in the solution can help reduce the elevated serum sodium level by diluting it while providing some fluid for hydration. Solutions like 0.45% NS, 3% NS, and 5% NS have osmolarities that are higher than normal serum osmolality and would not be suitable for correcting hypernatremia.
Question 2 of 9
Age associated changes in pharmacokinetics include:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aging reduces creatinine clearance in about two-thirds of individuals due to declining renal function, a true statement impacting drug excretion. Body fat increases, not decreases, with age, altering distribution of lipophilic drugs, so that's false. Total body water decreases, not increases, affecting hydrophilic drugs. Conjugation (phase II) is less affected than oxidation (phase I) by age, making that false. Absorption isn't significantly altered by age alone. Reduced renal clearance is a critical age-related change, necessitating dose adjustments for renally cleared drugs like digoxin.
Question 3 of 9
It is defined as the fraction of drug absorbed by the body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged form after administration. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that reflects the amount and rate of drug absorption. Bioavailability can be influenced by various factors such as the route of administration, drug formulation, and first-pass metabolism. Monitoring bioavailability is important in determining the efficacy and dosage requirements of a drug.
Question 4 of 9
What is the classification of the drug Lithium?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lithium is a mood stabilizer used primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the intensity and frequency of manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder, as well as prevent the recurrence of both manic and depressive episodes. Lithium is not classified as an anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer agent, or diuretic.
Question 5 of 9
A female patient needs a whole blood transfusion. In order for transfusion services (the blood bank) to prepare the correct product a sample of the patient's blood must be obtained for:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Before administering a whole blood transfusion to a patient, it is crucial for the transfusion services to determine the patient's blood type and perform a crossmatch with the donor blood to ensure compatibility. The blood type (e.g., ABO and Rh) of the patient must be identified to select compatible donor blood. A crossmatch is performed to further confirm compatibility and prevent adverse reactions, such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, which can occur when incompatible blood components are transfused. This process helps ensure the safety and efficacy of the transfusion for the patient. A complete blood count and differential, blood culture and sensitivity, and antibody screening are important tests in other clinical contexts but are not essential for preparing a whole blood transfusion.
Question 6 of 9
The following are examples of prodrugs:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Levodopa is a prodrug converted to dopamine in the brain, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Prodrugs are inactive compounds metabolized into active drugs in the body.
Question 7 of 9
Louie, who is to receive a blood transfusion asks the nurse what is the most common type of infection he could receive from the transfusion. The nurse teaches him that approximately 1 in 250,000 patients contract:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hepatitis C infection is the most common transfusion-transmitted infection, with an estimated risk of 1 in 250,000 units of blood. While the risk of HIV and hepatitis B has significantly decreased due to improved screening and testing, hepatitis C remains a concern. West Nile virus is rare and region-specific. The nurse should reassure Louie that the blood supply is rigorously tested, but hepatitis C is the most likely infection, albeit still rare.
Question 8 of 9
A patient reports having adverse effects with nicotinic acid (niacin). The nurse can suggest performing which action to minimize these undesirable effects?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Taking an aspirin tablet 30 minutes before taking nicotinic acid (niacin) can help minimize flushing and other adverse effects associated with nicotinic acid therapy. Aspirin can help to reduce the vasodilation effects caused by nicotinic acid, thereby decreasing the flushing reaction experienced by the patient. This strategy is commonly recommended to help patients tolerate nicotinic acid therapy better and improve medication adherence.
Question 9 of 9
Intravenous (IV) therapy is ordered for a patient with a serum sodium of 150 mEq/L. Which of the following does the nurse anticipate administering?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a patient with a high serum sodium level (hypernatremia), the goal is to lower the sodium concentration gradually to avoid rapid changes and prevent cerebral edema. A hypotonic solution like 0.25% normal saline (0.25% NS) is appropriate for this situation. The lower sodium content in the solution can help reduce the elevated serum sodium level by diluting it while providing some fluid for hydration. Solutions like 0.45% NS, 3% NS, and 5% NS have osmolarities that are higher than normal serum osmolality and would not be suitable for correcting hypernatremia.