Intracranial calcification may be a feature of one of the following transplacental infections

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Intracranial calcification is a characteristic finding in congenital rubella syndrome, making option D the correct answer. Rubella is known to cause this specific manifestation due to its ability to cross the placenta and affect the developing fetal brain. Option A, Cytomegalovirus, can also cause congenital infections but typically presents with other features such as microcephaly and intracranial calcifications in a periventricular distribution, not diffuse calcifications seen in rubella. Option B, Herpes simplex virus, usually presents with vesicular skin lesions, encephalitis, and neurodevelopmental impairments rather than intracranial calcifications. Option C, Varicella-zoster virus, is associated with congenital varicella syndrome characterized by skin scarring, limb hypoplasia, and ocular abnormalities, but not intracranial calcifications. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for infants affected by congenital infections. Recognizing the specific features of each infection can guide appropriate interventions and support for affected children and their families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Pediatric Nursing, understanding pain disorders like somatoform disorders is crucial for providing holistic care to pediatric patients. The correct answer is C) musculoskeletal pain for pain disorder, as it is the most frequently encountered pain in this condition. Musculoskeletal pain is often a common manifestation of somatoform disorders due to the complex interaction between physical and psychological factors. Option A) recurrent chest pain is less frequently encountered in pain disorder compared to musculoskeletal pain. Chest pain is more commonly associated with cardiac or respiratory conditions in pediatrics. Option B) recurrent abdominal pain is another common presentation in pediatric patients but is not the MOST frequently encountered pain in pain disorder. Abdominal pain can be caused by various gastrointestinal issues or stress, but musculoskeletal pain is more prevalent in somatoform disorders. Option D) headache is also a common complaint in pediatric patients, but it is not typically the MOST frequently encountered pain in pain disorder. Headaches can be related to various factors like tension, migraine, or even underlying medical conditions. Educationally, understanding the characteristic pain types associated with somatoform disorders helps nurses and healthcare providers in accurately assessing and managing pediatric patients' pain. Recognizing musculoskeletal pain as a predominant symptom in pain disorder can guide the healthcare team in developing a comprehensive care plan that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of the condition, promoting better outcomes for the pediatric patient.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) situational type specific phobia. In this case, the child is displaying physical symptoms like abdominal pain, headache, and fatigue in response to a specific situation - going to primary school. This type of phobia is characterized by intense fear or anxiety in response to a specific trigger, in this case, school. The child's symptoms are likely a manifestation of this phobia. Option A) school phobia is a general term that could encompass a range of issues related to school attendance, but it does not specify a specific trigger like the child's fear of attending primary school. Option B) social phobia relates more to anxiety in social situations, which is not the primary issue in this case. Option C) true phobia related to schoolwork does not capture the full extent of the child's symptoms, as they are not related to the actual schoolwork but rather the act of going to school. Educationally, understanding different types of phobias and their manifestations in children is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric settings. Recognizing and correctly diagnosing situational type specific phobias can lead to appropriate interventions and support for the child and their family to address the underlying fear and anxiety.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Rett syndrome. Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects girls, with very few cases reported in boys. This disorder is caused by a mutation in the MECP2 gene located on the X chromosome. As a result, Rett syndrome is almost exclusively seen in females. Autism (option A) and Asperger syndrome (option B) are both part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and can affect individuals of any gender, although they are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls. Childhood disintegrative disorder (option C) is a rare condition where children develop normally for a period of time before experiencing a significant loss of previously acquired skills. In an educational context, understanding the gender-specific prevalence of certain disorders like Rett syndrome is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric settings. This knowledge can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and tailored support for affected individuals and their families. By differentiating between various neurodevelopmental disorders and their unique characteristics, healthcare professionals can provide more effective and individualized care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) It is characterized by tics and coprolalia. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. Coprolalia, which is the involuntary utterance of obscene words or phrases, is a symptom that is often associated with this syndrome. This statement is true as coprolalia is a significant feature of Tourette syndrome in about 10-15% of cases. Option B) It is characterized by tics and encopresis is incorrect because encopresis refers to the involuntary passage of feces, which is not a characteristic symptom of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Option C) It is treated with haloperidol and methylphenidate is incorrect because while medications like haloperidol may be used to manage tics in some cases, treatment for Tourette syndrome is individualized and may involve behavioral therapies, counseling, and other medications depending on the specific symptoms and needs of the patient. Option D) It is a common disorder of childhood is incorrect because while Tourette syndrome is one of the more common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting about 1% of the population, it is not considered a "common" disorder of childhood compared to other conditions like ADHD or autism. In an educational context, understanding the characteristics and treatment options for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. By knowing the true symptoms and potential interventions for this disorder, healthcare providers can offer appropriate support and care to children and families affected by Tourette syndrome. It is important to dispel misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding this condition to provide accurate and compassionate care to those living with Tourette syndrome.