Internal conflicts can lead to stress. Match each person's scenario with the type of internal conflict it would most likely produce: Mark has been accepted into graduate programs at both MIT and Harvard. Jason has to tell a lie about workplace safety, or his boss will fire him. Terry just got offered a big promotion, but he'll have to work nights and weekends.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mark is experiencing an approach-approach conflict, Jason is facing an approach-avoidance conflict, and Terry is encountering an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Mark's scenario involves having to choose between two desirable options (MIT and Harvard), leading to an approach-approach conflict. Jason is in a situation where he has to decide between two undesirable outcomes (lying or getting fired), resulting in an approach-avoidance conflict. Terry's dilemma revolves around having to select between two negative options (work nights and weekends for a promotion), which signifies an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Educationally, understanding these types of internal conflicts is crucial in comprehending how individuals experience stress and make decisions. Approach-approach conflicts involve choosing between two positive outcomes, approach-avoidance conflicts involve weighing the pros and cons of a decision, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts entail selecting between two negative options. By recognizing these patterns, individuals can better manage their stress and decision-making processes. The other options are incorrect because they do not align with the specific characteristics of each person's scenario as described above. Option A incorrectly pairs Mark with approach-avoidance conflict, Jason with approach-approach conflict, and Terry with avoidance-avoidance conflict. Option B also mismatches the individuals with the types of conflicts they are facing. Option C inaccurately assigns the conflicts to the individuals. Understanding the nuances of each type of internal conflict is essential for students to grasp the complexities of decision-making and stress management in psychobiological disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In understanding the relationship between attributional style and depression, option C is the correct choice. This is because research in psychology has consistently shown that individuals who tend to attribute blame to themselves after a negative life event, regardless of the accuracy of their attribution, are more likely to experience depression. This attributional style is known as internal, stable, and global, and it can lead to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness, which are common characteristics of depression. Option A is incorrect because the accuracy of the attribution does not necessarily determine the likelihood of depression. It is the self-blame aspect that is more closely linked to depressive symptoms. Option B is also incorrect as attributing blame to others is not typically associated with an increased risk of depression; in fact, external attributions may serve as protective factors against depression. Educationally, understanding the impact of attributional styles on mental health is crucial for both students and practitioners in the field of psychology. By recognizing the role of self-blame in depression, individuals can develop strategies to challenge maladaptive attributions and cultivate more adaptive coping mechanisms. This knowledge can also inform therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing and modifying negative attributional styles in individuals experiencing depression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of treating phobias and anxiety disorders, the most effective behavior therapy technique is exposure therapy, which is represented by option C. Exposure therapy involves gradually exposing individuals to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. This exposure helps them confront their fears and learn that the feared stimulus is not as threatening as perceived, leading to a reduction in anxiety over time. Option A, free association, and option B, interpretation, are techniques commonly associated with psychoanalytic therapy, specifically Freudian psychoanalysis. These techniques focus on exploring unconscious thoughts and emotions rather than directly addressing and treating phobias and anxiety disorders through behavioral interventions like exposure therapy. Option D, dream analysis, is also a technique aligned with psychoanalytic theory and is used to uncover unconscious conflicts and desires through the analysis of dreams. While dream analysis can provide insights into underlying psychological issues, it is not the most effective approach for directly treating phobias and anxiety disorders, which are better addressed through evidence-based behavior therapy techniques like exposure therapy. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind choosing exposure therapy over other therapeutic techniques is crucial for psychology students and practitioners. It helps them differentiate between various therapeutic approaches and select the most appropriate intervention based on the specific needs of clients with phobias and anxiety disorders. Mastery of this concept enhances their ability to provide effective and evidence-based treatment for individuals struggling with these psychological conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The men. In this scenario, the men who were shown pictures of either an attractive or unattractive woman created a self-fulfilling prophecy by influencing their behavior during the phone conversation with the women. By perceiving the woman they were speaking to as either attractive or unattractive based on the pictures they saw, the men likely adjusted their tone, mannerisms, and level of engagement, which in turn affected how the women responded. Option A) The women who talked to men from group 1 and Option B) The women who talked to men from group 2 were not the ones creating the self-fulfilling prophecy in this experiment. They were reacting to the cues and behaviors exhibited by the men during the conversation. Option D) The judges were also not creating the self-fulfilling prophecy. They were simply observing and evaluating the interactions between the men and women without any direct influence on the outcome. This experiment highlights the concept of self-fulfilling prophecies, where expectations or beliefs about a situation can lead to behaviors that elicit responses confirming those expectations. It is crucial in psychology to understand how perceptions, biases, and expectations can shape interpersonal interactions and influence outcomes. This knowledge is essential for both mental health professionals and individuals to navigate social situations more consciously and effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders display profoundly disturbed social relatedness. They seem aloof and indifferent to others, often preferring inanimate objects to human interaction. Language is often delayed and deviant, further complicating relationship issues. The other nursing diagnoses might not be appropriate in all cases.