Interactions with other drugs of calcium is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because calcium interactions with other drugs involve various mechanisms. Ethanol decreases calcium absorption, loop diuretics increase renal excretion of calcium, and glucocorticoids stimulate renal excretion. Therefore, all of the above options are correct in describing different interactions of calcium with these drugs. The incorrect choices are A, B, and C because they do not accurately represent the interactions with calcium as described in the question.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Griseofulvin. Griseofulvin is used for dermatomycosis treatment because it is an antifungal medication specifically effective against dermatophytes. It works by disrupting the formation of fungal cell walls, leading to their destruction. Nystatin (A) is primarily used for yeast infections, not dermatomycosis. Amphotericin B (C) is a broad-spectrum antifungal, but it is not commonly used for dermatomycosis due to its potential side effects. Vancomycin (D) is an antibiotic effective against bacteria, not fungi. Therefore, the most appropriate choice for dermatomycosis treatment is Griseofulvin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choosing Pyrimethamine (D) for toxoplasmosis treatment: 1. Pyrimethamine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase enzyme in Toxoplasma gondii. 2. This disrupts folate metabolism and impairs parasite growth. 3. Pyrimethamine is a standard treatment for toxoplasmosis. 4. Chloroquine (A) is used for malaria, Tetracycline (B) for bacterial infections, and Suramin (C) for African trypanosomiasis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Saquinavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV/AIDS. 2. Protease inhibitors can cause gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain. 3. Saquinavir is known to induce rhinitis as a common side effect. 4. Options A, B, and C are antiviral drugs but do not typically cause these specific side effects. Summary: Saquinavir is the correct answer as it is a protease inhibitor known to induce gastrointestinal symptoms and rhinitis. The other options are antiviral drugs that do not have these specific side effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metoprolol. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker commonly used in heart failure to reduce morbidity and mortality. It improves symptoms, decreases hospitalizations, and increases survival rates in heart failure patients. It works by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure, which reduces the workload on the heart. Choice B, Digoxin, is not typically used as a first-line treatment in heart failure. Choice C, Dobutamine, is a short-acting inotrope used in acute heart failure exacerbations, not for long-term therapy. Choice D, Milrinone, is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in acute heart failure, but it has more side effects and is not recommended for long-term use.