Insulin release from pancreatic β cells is augmented by the following except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Insulin release is primarily stimulated by glucose. Ketone bodies are produced during fasting or low-carb diets and do not directly stimulate insulin release. Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and opposes insulin. Vagal stimulation can enhance insulin release through parasympathetic nervous system activation. Alpha adrenergic agonists like epinephrine inhibit insulin release. Therefore, the correct answer is A as ketone bodies do not directly augment insulin release.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A (Prednisolone) is correct: 1. Prednisolone is a corticosteroid that can cause hyperglycemia by increasing insulin resistance. 2. This drug can lead to elevated blood glucose levels and worsen glycemic control in diabetic patients. 3. Prednisolone can counteract the effects of insulin, making it difficult to maintain stable blood sugar levels. 4. Therefore, in a patient with diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy, the addition of prednisolone can impair glycemic control. Summary of why the other choices are incorrect: B: Prazosin is an alpha-blocker used to treat hypertension, it does not directly affect glycemia control. C: Paracetamol is an analgesic with no direct impact on blood glucose levels. D: Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug that does not interfere with glycemic control in diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Human insulins have a faster kinetics of absorption and elimination compared to pork/beef insulins. This is because human insulins are structurally identical to the insulin produced by the human body, leading to better compatibility and quicker absorption. Pork/beef insulins may have different amino acid sequences, causing slower absorption. Choice A is incorrect as potency is not the distinguishing factor between human and pork/beef insulins. Choice C is incorrect because human insulins typically have shorter biological action half-lives due to faster absorption. Choice D is irrelevant as it does not relate to the comparison between human and pork/beef insulins.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing insulin secretion from pancreas. Sulfonylurea hypoglycaemics stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization and subsequent calcium influx, triggering insulin release. Choice A is incorrect as sulfonylureas do not affect intestinal absorption of glucose. Choice C is incorrect as sulfonylureas do not reverse down-regulation of insulin receptors. Choice D is incorrect as only choice B is correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metformin acts by suppressing gluconeogenesis and glucose output from the liver. It inhibits the enzyme responsible for gluconeogenesis, reducing glucose production. This leads to decreased blood glucose levels. Other choices are incorrect because metformin does not directly affect insulin release, insulin receptor upregulation, or insulin degradation.