Insulin:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because insulin plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Firstly, insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen by promoting the uptake of glucose into the liver and muscles for storage. Secondly, it increases the transport of glucose into cells, regulating blood sugar levels. Lastly, insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats by promoting the uptake of amino acids and fatty acids into cells. Therefore, all the statements in option D are correct based on the functions of insulin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because Cushing syndrome is typically caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which can result from steroid therapy like prednisone. This leads to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Adrenal insufficiency (B) is actually the opposite condition. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased blood volume, making choices C incorrect. Growth hormone is not a primary treatment for Cushing syndrome, making choice D incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH) Rationale: 1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output. 2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys. 3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume. 4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct: 1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels. 2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed. 3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine. 4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization. 5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia. C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary target of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes these hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects to the anterior pituitary. This interaction controls the release of various hormones from the anterior pituitary, regulating functions such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus do not primarily target the liver, adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow directly.