Innate immunity refers to:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Innate immunity is the body's immediate, nonspecific defense against pathogens. 2. It is present from birth and acts quickly to eliminate microbes. 3. It includes physical barriers, chemical barriers, and immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. 4. This initial response is crucial for preventing infection. 5. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe innate immunity, as they refer to other concepts unrelated to the immediate, nonspecific defense mechanisms of the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Disulfiram is a known aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, used in the treatment of alcohol abuse. 2. It works by blocking the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde. 3. This accumulation causes unpleasant symptoms when alcohol is consumed, discouraging its consumption. 4. Tazobactam and Sulbactam are beta-lactamase inhibitors, not related to aldehyde dehydrogenase. 5. Aminocaproic acid is a fibrinolysis inhibitor, not associated with aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition. Summary: Disulfiram is the correct answer as it is a known aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, while the other choices are unrelated to this enzyme inhibition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower cholesterol. 2. The major side effects of cholestyramine are gastrointestinal disturbances, not hepatotoxicity. 3. Therefore, the statement that hepatotoxicity is a major side effect is FALSE. 4. Option B is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the lack of hepatotoxicity with cholestyramine. Summary: - Option A is incorrect because hepatotoxicity is not a major side effect of cholestyramine. - Option C "All" is incorrect as it implies that all statements are true, which is not the case. - Option D "None" is incorrect as there is a major side effect associated with cholestyramine, just not hepatotoxicity.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (900-1200 mg) because phosphorus is an essential mineral required for various bodily functions like bone health and energy metabolism. The recommended daily allowance varies depending on age, gender, and health status, but generally falls within the range of 900-1200 mg for adults. Choice B (600-900 g) is incorrect because this amount is too high for phosphorus intake and could lead to potential health issues. Choice C (25 g) is incorrect as it is an extremely high amount of phosphorus intake, far exceeding the recommended daily allowance and could be harmful to health. Choice D (1.5-4 mg) is incorrect because this amount is too low for phosphorus intake and would not meet the body's daily requirements for this essential mineral.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril). It is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to decreased calcium excretion in urine. Amiloride (B) inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct but does not affect calcium excretion. Furosemide (C) acts on the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and calcium reabsorption, increasing calcium excretion. Acetazolamide (D) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that increases calcium excretion by causing metabolic acidosis and reducing calcium reabsorption.