Infection of the urinary bladder is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cystitis is bladder infection e.g., E. coli common (mucosa). Urethritis is urethra not bladder. Pyelonephritis is kidney higher. Nephritis is inflammation not specific infection. Cystitis's location distinguishes it, critical for bladder pathology, unlike adjacent or vague terms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Renal diabetes (glycosuria) spills glucose into urine at low blood levels e.g., defective PCT transporters (threshold <180 mg/dL). Hemorrhage unrelated blood loss issue. ADH affects water not glucose. Youth prevalence is diabetes mellitus not renal. Low-threshold spill distinguishes it, critical for renal glycosuria, unlike unrelated causes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cl⁻ reabsorption follows Na electrostatic attraction (e.g., PCT Na /Cl⁻ cotransport). Aldosterone boosts Na indirectly Cl⁻, not permeability. Ca² retention is separate unrelated. Osmotic gradient drives water not Cl⁻ directly. Na attraction distinguishes it, critical for electroneutrality, unlike hormonal or osmotic drivers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Macula densa is in the distal tubule senses NaCl, signals JGA (e.g., renin regulation). Proximal tubule reabsorbs not senses. Afferent arteriole supplies not tubular. Efferent is post-glomerular unrelated. Distal location distinguishes it, key to feedback, unlike proximal or vascular parts.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ureter is the tube from kidney to bladder e.g., peristalsis delivers urine. Vasa recta is capillaries not tube. Hypothalamus makes ADH not ureter. Micturition is voiding not structure. Transport role distinguishes it, key to urinary flow, unlike capillaries or actions.