Infection of the kidney is called _________.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pyelonephritis is kidney infection e.g., bacterial ascent (pelvis/nephrons). Cystitis is bladder not kidney. Urethritis is urethra lower. Hypertension is BP not infection. Pyelonephritis's site distinguishes it, key to renal pathology, unlike lower tract or unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells have the most mitochondria e.g., fuel Na /K ATPase for 65% reabsorption. Skeletal muscle has many less than PCT. Liver is metabolic not reabsorptive. Cardiac muscle sustains beating less dense. PCT's energy demand distinguishes it, key to reabsorption, unlike muscle or liver cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glomerular filtrate lacks formed elements (RBCs, WBCs) and proteins (albumin) e.g., filtered by glomerular pores. pH matches plasma ~7.4. Glucose is equal reabsorbed later. Albumin/globulins alone omits cells partial. Full exclusion distinguishes it, key to filtration selectivity, unlike pH or partial differences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glomerular capillary pressure (~55 mmHg) exceeds most capillaries (~20-30 mmHg) e.g., drives GFR. It's higher than efferent (~15 mmHg) not lower. Afferent constriction lowers it not raises. Pressure drop isn't 1:1 autoregulated. High pressure distinguishes it, critical for filtration, unlike efferent or constriction effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nephron comprises Bowman's capsule, tubules, Loop, glomerulus, collecting duct e.g., functional unit. Ureter transports not nephron. Micturition is urination unrelated. Zona glomerulosa is aldosterone not structural. Full structure distinguishes it, critical for kidney function, unlike transport or secretion.