Indication of cyclosporine A is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Cyclosporine A is indicated for the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome due to its immunosuppressive properties that help reduce proteinuria and preserve renal function. In contrast, choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cyclosporine A is not typically used for secondary immunodeficiency, hairy cell leukemia, or primary immunodeficiency. These conditions require different treatment approaches not involving cyclosporine A.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because bile acid-binding resins, such as cholestyramine, can actually slow the progression of atherosclerotic lesions when used alone. These resins work by binding bile acids in the intestine, leading to increased bile acid excretion, which in turn results in increased LDL receptor expression on hepatocytes. This promotes the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream, thus reducing total cholesterol and LDL levels (Choice A). Bile acid-binding resins are not contraindicated in hypertriglyceridemia; in fact, they can be beneficial in reducing triglyceride levels. Lastly, while they are effective in type II hyperlipidemia, they are not always the first-line agents of choice and are often used in combination with other lipid-lowering drugs (Choice D).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Osteomalacia. Vitamin D3 is indicated for the treatment of osteomalacia, a condition characterized by softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D. It helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, leading to proper bone mineralization. A: Hypercalcemia is not an indication for vitamin D3 as it can worsen the condition by increasing calcium levels further. B: Paget's disease is not a primary indication for vitamin D3 therapy. Treatment usually involves bisphosphonates. C: Hypophosphatemia is a condition where there is low phosphate levels, and treatment involves phosphate supplementation, not just vitamin D3.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because plicamycin is indicated for testicular cancers refractory to standard treatment, Paget’s disease, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Plicamycin inhibits bone resorption and reduces serum calcium levels in patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy. It also has cytotoxic effects on certain types of cancer cells, including testicular cancers. Therefore, it is used for all of the mentioned conditions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because plicamycin is not limited to only one specific condition, but rather can be used for multiple indications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Some microorganisms can indeed develop alternative metabolic pathways to bypass the inhibition caused by a drug. This is a common phenomenon known as drug resistance in microbial populations. Other choices are incorrect: B is false because drug resistance through alternative pathways is a known fact; C (All) is incorrect as not all microorganisms exhibit this behavior; and D (None) is incorrect as some microorganisms do develop alternative pathways to counter drug inhibition.