Indication for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) administration is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the active form of vitamin D and is used in cases of vitamin D resistance. 2. Vitamin D resistance results in impaired calcium absorption and metabolism. 3. Administering calcitriol helps bypass the resistance and maintain calcium levels. 4. Elevated skeletal turnover, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and hypophosphatemia are not direct indications for calcitriol administration.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All groups. Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams all contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. This ring is essential for the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics as it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins and cephalosporins are well-known beta-lactam antibiotics, while carbapenems and monobactams are also part of this group due to the presence of the beta-lactam ring. Therefore, the correct answer is D as all these antibiotic groups share the common feature of containing a beta-lactam ring. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass all the antibiotic groups that contain the beta-lactam ring.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Sulfonamides can cause hematopoietic disturbances like anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Crystalluria can occur due to the precipitation of sulfonamide crystals in urine. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common gastrointestinal side effects of sulfonamides. Therefore, all of these unwanted effects can be attributed to sulfonamide use. The other choices are incorrect because each of them individually represents a specific side effect of sulfonamides, while the correct answer encompasses all the possible unwanted effects associated with sulfonamides.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because praziquantel increases cell membrane permeability for calcium, leading to paralysis, dislodgement, and death of helminthes. This mechanism disrupts the helminth's ability to maintain membrane integrity and homeostasis, ultimately causing their demise. A is incorrect as praziquantel does not block acetylcholine transmission. B is incorrect because praziquantel does not inhibit microtubule synthesis or impair glucose uptake. D is incorrect as praziquantel does not inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in helminthes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Asparaginase. Asparaginase is used in acute leukemia treatment to deplete asparagine, an essential amino acid for cancer cell growth. This enzyme helps inhibit protein synthesis in leukemia cells, leading to cell death. Dihydrofolate reductase (A) is targeted by methotrexate, not commonly used in leukemia. Aromatase (C) inhibitors are used in breast cancer, not leukemia. DNA gyrase (D) is a bacterial enzyme targeted by antibiotics, not used in leukemia treatment. In conclusion, B is the correct choice for acute leukemia treatment.