Indicate the sympathomimetic, which may cause hypotension, presumably because of a clonidine-like effect:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Xylometazoline is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. 2. Activation of alpha-2 receptors centrally leads to reduced sympathetic outflow and vasodilation. 3. Vasodilation can cause hypotension, similar to clonidine's mechanism. 4. Methoxamine (A) and phenylephrine (B) are alpha-1 agonists, causing vasoconstriction. 5. Isoproterenol (D) is a non-selective beta agonist, leading to increased heart rate and contractility, potentially causing hypertension.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decrease the duration of REM sleep. Hypnotic drugs typically suppress REM sleep, leading to a decrease in its duration. This is because these drugs act on the central nervous system to promote sedation and reduce the amount of time spent in REM sleep. Choice A is incorrect as hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of REM sleep. Choice C is also incorrect as these drugs do alter the duration of REM sleep. Choice D is incorrect since hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of slow wave sleep, which is a different stage of sleep compared to REM sleep.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clonazepam. Clonazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine that is effectively used to treat both absence and myoclonic seizures due to its ability to enhance the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. It has a long half-life, allowing for sustained seizure control. Primidone (A) is mainly used for tonic-clonic seizures, Carbamazepine (B) is more effective for focal seizures, and Phenytoin (D) is typically used for tonic-clonic and focal seizures, but not specifically for absence or myoclonic seizures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kappa-receptors. Kappa-receptors are responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation because their activation leads to these effects. Mu-receptors are primarily associated with analgesia and respiratory depression, while Delta-receptors are involved in modulating pain perception. Choosing D (All of the above) is incorrect as Mu and Delta receptors do not directly cause dysphoria or vasomotor stimulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inflammation or tissue damage. Non-narcotic analgesics, such as NSAIDs, work by reducing inflammation and inhibiting pain signals. Inflammation and tissue damage often result in pain, making non-narcotic analgesics effective in relieving these types of pain. Trauma, myocardial infarction, and surgery may also cause pain, but non-narcotic analgesics are specifically designed to target inflammation and tissue damage, making them most effective in this context. Therefore, choice A is correct because it aligns with the mechanism of action of non-narcotic analgesics. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not specifically address the target of action for non-narcotic analgesics.