Indicate the sympathomimetic, which may be useful in the emergency management of cardiac arrest:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic agent that acts on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction. In cardiac arrest, epinephrine is crucial for improving coronary and cerebral perfusion, leading to increased chances of successful resuscitation. Methoxamine (A) and Phenylephrine (B) are pure alpha-adrenergic agonists with minimal cardiac effects, not ideal for cardiac arrest. Xylometazoline (D) is a nasal decongestant and has no role in cardiac arrest management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Certainly! Ethosuximide is the correct answer because it specifically targets T-type calcium channels in thalamic neurons, effectively controlling absence seizures. Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, and Phenytoin primarily act on sodium channels, making them ineffective in treating absence seizures. Ethosuximide's mechanism of action makes it the ideal choice for this specific type of seizure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the principal aim for treating Parkinsonian disorders is to restore dopaminergic activity with levodopa and dopamine agonists. This is because Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by a deficit of dopamine in the brain. Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, helping to alleviate symptoms. Choice A is incorrect because antimuscarinic drugs target the cholinergic system, not the dopaminergic system, and are not the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease. Choice C is incorrect because glutamate antagonists target a different neurotransmitter system and are not the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's disease. Choice D is incorrect because while restoring balance between cholinergic and dopaminergic influences may be important, the primary aim is to address the dopaminergic deficit.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Strong mu receptor agonists, such as opioids, can cause hypertension due to the stimulation of mu receptors in the central nervous system. They can also increase pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial work by affecting the cardiovascular system. Additionally, they can cause cerebral vasodilatation, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. Therefore, all the mentioned effects are possible with strong mu receptor agonists, making option D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that does not have a high potential for physical dependence and abuse like opioids. A: It inhibits COX, reducing inflammation and pain. B: It is effective for short-term pain relief but is not as potent as morphine. D: It does not produce respiratory depression, which is a common side effect of opioids. In summary, C is incorrect as ketorolac is not associated with physical dependence and abuse, making it a safer option compared to opioids for pain management.