Indicate the opioid receptor type which is responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kappa-receptors. Kappa-receptors are responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation because their activation leads to these effects. Mu-receptors are primarily associated with analgesia and respiratory depression, while Delta-receptors are involved in modulating pain perception. Choosing D (All of the above) is incorrect as Mu and Delta receptors do not directly cause dysphoria or vasomotor stimulation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Risperidone, because it has high affinity for both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors. Risperidone's strong binding to these receptors contributes to its efficacy in treating psychosis. Droperidol (A) primarily acts on D2 receptors but has limited 5-HT2 affinity. Clozapine (B) has higher affinity for 5-HT2 than D2 receptors. Thiothixene (C) has higher affinity for D2 receptors but relatively lower for 5-HT2 receptors. In summary, Risperidone stands out as it targets both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors, making it a suitable choice for treating psychosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Adaptogens are known for increasing resistance to stress and promoting adaptation to various stressors. Step 2: The correct answer, D, aligns with the primary function of adaptogens. Step 3: Option A pertains more to performance enhancement and recovery, not specifically stress resilience. Step 4: Option B focuses on physiological responses, not stress adaptation. Step 5: Option C addresses fatigue relief but does not emphasize stress resistance like adaptogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed drugs can be used as antianxiety agents. Beta-blocking drugs, like propranolol, help with physical symptoms of anxiety. Clonidine, a partial agonist of alpha2 receptors, can also reduce anxiety symptoms. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, are sometimes used off-label for anxiety disorders. Therefore, all of the above options are valid choices for antianxiety treatment. The other choices are incorrect because each of them individually may not cover the broad spectrum of antianxiety effects provided by the combination of the drugs listed in option D.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Desflurane. Desflurane is known to cause airway irritation due to its pungent smell and irritant properties, leading to coughing and bronchospasms. This is because desflurane is a volatile anesthetic with a low blood-gas partition coefficient, causing rapid uptake and elimination, which can irritate the airway. A: Nitrous oxide is not known to cause airway irritation. It is a non-irritating gas, commonly used as an anesthetic in combination with other agents. B: Sevoflurane is a non-irritating anesthetic that is widely used in anesthesia practice. C: Halothane can cause hepatotoxicity but is not specifically associated with airway irritation.