Indicate the nootropic agent:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Nootropic agents enhance cognitive function. 2. Piracetam is a well-known nootropic agent. 3. It improves memory, focus, and overall brain function. 4. Sydnocarb is a stimulant, not a nootropic. 5. Eleuterococci extract is an adaptogen, not a nootropic. 6. Fluoxetine is an antidepressant, not a nootropic. Summary: Piracetam is the correct answer as it aligns with the definition and effects of a nootropic agent. Sydnocarb, Eleuterococci extract, and Fluoxetine do not possess the specific cognitive-enhancing properties of a true nootropic agent.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoflurane. Isoflurane is known to reduce arterial pressure and heart rate. It achieves this through its vasodilatory effects, leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance and cardiac depression. Halothane can cause arrhythmias and increased heart rate. Desflurane can increase heart rate and arterial pressure due to sympathetic activation. Nitrous oxide typically has minimal effects on heart rate and arterial pressure. Therefore, the correct choice is isoflurane due to its specific physiological effects that result in reduced arterial pressure and heart rate.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that can cause reversible gynecomastia by inhibiting androgen receptors. This leads to increased estrogen levels and breast tissue growth in males. Omeprazole (A), Pirenzepine (B), and Sucralfate (D) are not associated with gynecomastia as they do not affect hormone levels in the same way as cimetidine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Urokinase. Urokinase is a thrombolytic agent that works by breaking down blood clots, not preventing platelet aggregation like the other options. Aspirin inhibits COX enzyme, Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel are both ADP receptor antagonists which prevent platelet activation. Therefore, urokinase does not belong to the class of antiplatelet agents.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Calcium channel blockers reduce the inward movement of calcium during the action potential in cardiac muscle cells, leading to a decrease in the intracellular calcium concentration. This results in a direct negative inotropic effect by reducing the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Choices B and D are incorrect because calcium channel blockers do indeed have direct negative inotropic effects. Choice C is incorrect as well because not all choices are correct; only choice A is accurate based on the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers in cardiac muscle cells.