Indicate the nondepolarizing agent, which has short duration of action:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Mivacurium is the correct answer as it is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a short duration of action due to its rapid metabolism by plasma esterases. Succinylcholine (A) is a depolarizing agent, Tubocurarine (B) and Pancuronium (D) are nondepolarizing agents with longer durations of action compared to Mivacurium.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because beta-blocking agents do not induce depression or deplete stores of catecholamines. Here's the rationale: 1. Option A is correct as beta blockers occupy beta receptors, competitively reducing receptor occupancy by catecholamines. 2. Option B is incorrect because beta blockers can cause hypotension as one of their side effects, especially in individuals with normal blood pressure. 3. Option D is correct as beta blockers can cause blockade in the atrioventricular node, leading to decreased heart rate and conduction. In summary, beta blockers do not induce depression or deplete catecholamine stores, making option C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an ideal hypnotic agent should have all the qualities listed in choices A, B, and C. Rapid onset and sufficient duration of action ensure quick and long-lasting sleep induction. Minor effects on sleep patterns indicate minimal disruption to natural sleep cycles. Minimal "hangover" effects mean fewer side effects upon waking up, promoting overall well-being. Therefore, having all these qualities makes a hypnotic agent ideal for promoting healthy and restful sleep.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lorazepam. Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, which enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA in the brain, reducing neuronal excitability and preventing seizures. Phenobarbital (A) acts by enhancing GABAergic transmission but is not a benzodiazepine. Phenytoin (B) works by blocking sodium channels. Carbamazepine (C) also blocks sodium channels but is not a benzodiazepine receptor agonist. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it directly acts on the benzodiazepine receptor to control seizures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of the mentioned regions are involved in the transmission of pain. The limbic system processes emotions related to pain. The thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex. The substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord regulates pain signals. Each region plays a crucial role in the pain pathway, from perception to emotional response. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each region mentioned is directly involved in pain transmission.